{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:56:34Z","timestamp":1777892194291,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and the U.S Department of Energy (DOE) Wind and Water Power Technologies Office","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In animal tracking applications, smaller transmitters can reduce the impact of the transmitter on the tagged animal and thus provide more accurate data about animal behavior. By combining a novel circuit design and a newly developed micro-battery, we developed frequency-programmable and more powerful radio frequency transmitters that are about 40% smaller and lighter in weight than the smallest commercial counterpart for animal monitoring at the time of development. The new radio frequency transmitter has a miniaturized form factor for studying small animals. Designs of two coding schemes were developed: one transmits unmodulated signals (weight: 152 mg; dimensions: \u00d8 2.95 mm \u00d7 11.22 mm), and the other transmits modulated signals (weight: 160 mg; dimensions: \u00d8 2.95 mm \u00d7 11.85 mm). To accommodate different transmitter life requirements, each design can be configured to transmit in high or low signal strength. Prototypes of these transmitters were evaluated in the laboratory and exhibited comparable or longer service life and higher signal strength compared to their smallest commercial counterparts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T21:37:49Z","timestamp":1633901869000},"page":"6683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Frequency-Programmable Miniaturized Radio Frequency Transmitter for Animal Tracking"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jun","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huidong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuan","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mitchell J.","family":"Myjak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian J.","family":"Bellgraph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel S.","family":"Cartmell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8300-8766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiqun Daniel","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2016.7378438","article-title":"From radio telemetry to ultra-low-power sensor networks: Tracking bats in the wild","volume":"54","author":"Dressler","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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