{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:24:25Z","timestamp":1760235865087,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]],"date-time":"2021-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015694","name":"Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOVE-SENSE - 2018.0979, 2020\u20132021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOVE-SENSE - 2018.0979, 2020\u20132021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Tuscany Region (Bando n.2 RS2017, POR FESR 2014\u20132020)","award":["Wellness@Work - D.D. n.7165 del 24\/5\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Wellness@Work - D.D. n.7165 del 24\/5\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["Current Research Fund 2018\u20132019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Current Research Fund 2018\u20132019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reliable, easy-to-use, and cost-effective wearable sensors are desirable for continuous measurements of flexions and torsions of the trunk, in order to assess risks and prevent injuries related to body movements in various contexts. Piezo-capacitive stretch sensors, made of dielectric elastomer membranes coated with compliant electrodes, have recently been described as a wearable, lightweight and low-cost technology to monitor body kinematics. An increase of their capacitance upon stretching can be used to sense angular movements. Here, we report on a wearable wireless system that, using two sensing stripes arranged on shoulder straps, can detect flexions and torsions of the trunk, following a simple and fast calibration with a conventional tri-axial gyroscope on board. The piezo-capacitive sensors avoid the errors that would be introduced by continuous sensing with a gyroscope, due to its typical drift. Relative to stereophotogrammetry (non-wearable standard system for motion capture), pure flexions and pure torsions could be detected by the piezo-capacitive sensors with a root mean square error of ~8\u00b0 and ~12\u00b0, respectively, whilst for flexion and torsion components in compound movements, the error was ~13\u00b0 and ~15\u00b0, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21206706","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T21:37:49Z","timestamp":1633901869000},"page":"6706","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Monitoring Flexions and Torsions of the Trunk via Gyroscope-Calibrated Capacitive Elastomeric Wearable Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Frediani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9403-7944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Vannetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 50143 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5109-3399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Bocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Zonfrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8496-5085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Carpi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 50143 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3087","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200012010-00018","article-title":"Flexion and Rotation of the Trunk and Lifting at Work Are Risk Factors for Low Back Pain: Results of a Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"25","author":"Hoogendoorn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqg072","article-title":"Personal and Occupational Predictors of Sciatica in the GAZEL Cohort","volume":"53","author":"Leclerc","year":"2003","journal-title":"Occup. 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