{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T17:24:34Z","timestamp":1770139474386,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012510","name":"Danish Ministry of Culture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FPK.2017-0070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPK.2017-0070"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012510","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Team Danmark","award":["00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this work was to describe the leg-muscle-generated push force characteristics in sprint kayak paddlers for females and males on water. Additionally, the relationship between leg pushing force characteristics and velocity was investigated. Twenty-eight paddlers participated in the study. The participants had five minutes of self-chosen warm-up and were asked to paddle at three different velocities, including maximal effort. Left- and right-side leg extension force were collected together with velocity. Linear regression analyses were performed with leg extension force characteristics as independent variables and velocity as the dependent variable. A second linear regression analysis investigated the effect of paddling velocity on different leg extension force characteristics with an explanatory model. The results showed that the leg pushing force elicits a sinus-like pattern, increasing and decreasing throughout the stroke cycle. Impulse over 10 s showed the highest correlation to maximum velocity (r = 0.827, p &lt; 0.01), while a strong co-correlation was observed between the impulse per stroke cycle and mean force (r = 0.910, p &lt; 0.01). The explanatory model results revealed that an increase in paddling velocity is, among other factors, driven by increased leg force. Maximal velocity could predict 68% of the paddlers\u2019 velocity within 1 km\/h with peak leg force, impulse over 10 s, and stroke rate (p-value &lt; 0.001, adjusted R-squared = 0.8). Sprint kayak paddlers elicit a strong positive relationship between leg pushing forces and velocity. The results confirm that sprint kayakers\u2019 cyclic leg movement is a key part of the kayaking technique.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21206790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T21:48:39Z","timestamp":1634161719000},"page":"6790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Characterization of Leg Push Forces and Their Relationship to Velocity in On-Water Sprint Kayaking"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8489-6374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kent K.","family":"Klitgaard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Rosdahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, 114 33 Stockholm, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Rene B. K.","family":"Brund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4989-8117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CardioTech Research Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0584-271X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"de Zee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"377","article-title":"Energy balance of human locomotion in water","volume":"90","author":"Pendergast","year":"2003","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. 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