{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T11:27:18Z","timestamp":1778066838033,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"VISIO","award":["Tom Pouce"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Tom Pouce"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a protocol for evaluating the efficiency of an electronic white cane for improving the mobility of blind people. The electronic cane used during the test is the Tom Pouce III, made of LIDAR sensors (light detection and ranging) with tactile feedback. The protocol comprises two parts. The first part, the \u201cdetection test\u201d, evaluates the efficiency of the sensors in the Tom Pouce III for detecting the obstacles found in everyday life (thin and large poles, apertures) under different environmental conditions (darkness, sun light, rain). The second part of the test, the \u201cmobility test\u201d, compares the ability of blind participants to cross a 25 m path by avoiding obstacles with the simple white cane and the electronic cane. The 12 blind participants had between 2 and 20 years of experience of everyday usage of Tom Pouce devices. The results show a significant improvement in the capacity to avoid obstacles with the electronic cane relative to the simple white cane, and there was no speed difference. There was no correlation between the results and the years of experience of the users.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21206854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,17]],"date-time":"2021-10-17T23:25:15Z","timestamp":1634513115000},"page":"6854","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Tom Pouce III, an Electronic White Cane for Blind People: Ability to Detect Obstacles and Mobility Performances"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Aya","family":"Dernayka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Aim\u00e9 Cotton, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91405 Orsay, France"},{"name":"Complexit\u00e9 Innovation Activit\u00e9s Motrices et Sportives, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France"},{"name":"Complexit\u00e9 Innovation Activit\u00e9s Motrices et Sportives, Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Orl\u00e9ans, 45067 Orl\u00e9ans, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8455-1437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel-Ange","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Complexit\u00e9 Innovation Activit\u00e9s Motrices et Sportives, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France"},{"name":"Complexit\u00e9 Innovation Activit\u00e9s Motrices et Sportives, Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Orl\u00e9ans, 45067 Orl\u00e9ans, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Leroux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Aim\u00e9 Cotton, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91405 Orsay, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Bogaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Aim\u00e9 Cotton, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91405 Orsay, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Farcy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Aim\u00e9 Cotton, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91405 Orsay, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-624X(64)90382-8","article-title":"An ultrasonic sensing probe as a mobility aid for the blind","volume":"2","author":"Kay","year":"1964","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X8107500503","article-title":"The Nottingham Obstacle Detector: Development and Evaluation","volume":"75","author":"Dodds","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. 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