{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T10:36:35Z","timestamp":1773225395984,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"LiaoNing Revitalization Talent Program of China","award":["XLYC1807016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XLYC1807016"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32071314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32071314"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health R01 Grant","award":["R01HL151663"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL151663"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rotary left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) have emerged as a long-term treatment option for patients with advanced heart failure. LVADs need to maintain sufficient physiological perfusion while avoiding left ventricular myocardial damage due to suction at the LVAD inlet. To achieve these objectives, a control algorithm that utilizes a calculated suction index from measured pump flow (SIMPF) is proposed. This algorithm maintained a reference, user-defined SIMPF value, and was evaluated using an in silico model of the human circulatory system coupled to an axial or mixed flow LVAD with 5\u201310% uniformly distributed measurement noise added to flow sensors. Efficacy of the SIMPF algorithm was compared to a constant pump speed control strategy currently used clinically, and control algorithms proposed in the literature including differential pump speed control, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure control, mean aortic pressure control, and differential pressure control during (1) rest and exercise states; (2) rapid, eight-fold augmentation of pulmonary vascular resistance for (1); and (3) rapid change in physiologic states between rest and exercise. Maintaining SIMPF simultaneously provided sufficient physiological perfusion and avoided ventricular suction. Performance of the SIMPF algorithm was superior to the compared control strategies for both types of LVAD, demonstrating pump independence of the SIMPF algorithm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21206890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T21:31:26Z","timestamp":1634765486000},"page":"6890","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Flow Sensor-Based Suction-Index Control Strategy for Rotary Left Ventricular Assist Devices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Lixue","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6781-2941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kairong","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2\r\nLinggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7264-1323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayman S.","family":"El-Baz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Roussel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5794-2037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Palaniappan","family":"Sethu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1075 13th St. S., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guruprasad A.","family":"Giridharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6690-8810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2\r\nLinggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31071-1","article-title":"Heart Failure","volume":"390","author":"Metra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.858076","article-title":"Selection of cardiac transplantation candidates in 2010","volume":"122","author":"Mancini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2008.912123","article-title":"A dynamical state space representation and performance analysis of a feedback-controlled rotary left ventricular assist device","volume":"17","author":"Simaan","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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