{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:26:45Z","timestamp":1760236005804,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010418","name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2019R1F1A1042989"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019R1F1A1042989"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010418","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper describes a computational 3-D imaging system based on diffraction grating imaging with laser sources of multiple wavelengths. It was proven that a diffraction grating imaging system works well as a 3-D imaging system in our previous studies. The diffraction grating imaging system has advantages such as no spherical aberration and a low-cost system, compared with the well-known 3-D imaging systems based on a lens array or a camera array. However, a diffraction grating imaging system still suffers from noises, artifacts, and blurring due to the diffraction nature and illumination of single wavelength lasers. In this paper, we propose a diffraction grating imaging system with multiple wavelengths to overcome these problems. The proposed imaging system can produce multiple volumes through multiple laser illuminators with different wavelengths. Integration of these volumes can reduce noises, artifacts, and blurring in grating imaging since the original signals of 3-D objects inside these volumes are integrated by our computational reconstruction method. To apply the multiple wavelength system to a diffraction grating imaging system efficiently, we analyze the effects on the system parameters such as spatial periods and parallax angles for different wavelengths. A computational 3-D imaging system based on the analysis is proposed to enhance the image quality in diffraction grating imaging. Optical experiments with three-wavelength lasers are conducted to evaluate the proposed system. The results indicate that our diffraction grating imaging system is superior to the existing method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21206928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T21:31:26Z","timestamp":1634765486000},"page":"6928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Computational Three-Dimensional Imaging System via Diffraction Grating Imaging with Multiple Wavelengths"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jae-Young","family":"Jang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, Eulji University, 553 Sanseong-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyonggi-do 13135, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5919-1989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoon","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intelligent IoT Engineering, Sangmyung University, 20 Hongjimoon-2gil, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03015, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1051\/jphystap:019080070082100","article-title":"Epreuves reversibles donnant la sensation du relief","volume":"7","author":"Lippmann","year":"1908","journal-title":"J. Phys. Theor. Appl."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H77","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.48.000H77","article-title":"Recent progress in three-dimensional information processing based on integral imaging","volume":"48","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.52.000546","article-title":"Advances in three-dimensional integral imaging: Sensing, display, and applications [Invited]","volume":"52","author":"Xiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/15980316.2013.867906","article-title":"Recent issues on integral imaging and its applications","volume":"15","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Inf. Disp."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1364\/AOP.10.000512","article-title":"Fundamentals of 3D imaging and displays: A tutorial on integral imaging, light-field, and plenoptic systems","volume":"10","author":"Javidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Photon."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32266","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.402193","article-title":"Roadmap on 3D integral imaging: Sensing, processing, and display","volume":"28","author":"Javidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"556","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Optical Sensing and Visualization Using Integral Imaging","volume":"99","author":"Cho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2017.2655260","article-title":"Recent advances in the capture and display of macro-scopic and microscopic 3D scenes by integral imaging","volume":"105","author":"Dorado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S.-J., Kim, C., Kim, Y., Jeong, J., Choi, S., Han, W., Kim, J., and Lee, B. (2021). Dielectric Metalens: Properties and Three-Dimensional Imaging Applications. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21134584"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12039","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.012039","article-title":"Image quality enhancement in 3D computational integral imaging by use of interpolation methods","volume":"15","author":"Shin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2009.05.007","article-title":"Robust image encryption by combined use of integral imaging and pixel scrambling techniques","volume":"47","author":"Piao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2013.02.009","article-title":"Depth extraction for 3D objects via windowing technique in computational integral imaging with a lenslet array","volume":"51","author":"Yoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2014.08.015","article-title":"Improved depth extraction method of 3D objects using computational integral imaging reconstruction based on multiple windowing techniques","volume":"66","author":"Yoo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2015.07.007","article-title":"Three-dimensional visualization of objects in scattering medium using integral imaging and spectral analysis","volume":"77","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2017.04.015","article-title":"Intermediate elemental image reconstruction for refocused three-dimensional images in integral imaging by convolution with \u03b4-function sequences","volume":"97","author":"Yoo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2016.11.174","article-title":"Low-cost 3D motion capture system using passive optical markers and monocular vision","volume":"130","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bae, J., and Yoo, H. (2020). Image Enhancement for Computational Integral Imaging Reconstruction via Four-Dimensional Image Structure. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20174795"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.49.002429","article-title":"Applicability of diffraction grating to parallax image array generation in integral imaging","volume":"49","author":"Ser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.38.001835","article-title":"Wave-optical analysis of parallax-image generation based on multiple diffraction gratings","volume":"38","author":"Jang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27820","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.027820","article-title":"Computational reconstruction for three-dimensional imaging via a diffraction grating","volume":"27","author":"Jang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoo, H., Jang, J.-U., and Jang, J.-Y. (2020). Analysis of imaging characteristics of parallax images in double diffraction grating imaging. Optik, 207.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2019.163826"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, J.-Y., and Yoo, H. (2020). Image Enhancement of Computational Reconstruction in Diffraction Grating Imaging Using Multiple Parallax Image Arrays. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185137"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.35.001932","article-title":"Single-shot x-ray differential phase-contrast and diffraction imaging using two-dimensional transmission gratings","volume":"35","author":"Wen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.35.001010","article-title":"Multi-imaging capabilities of a 2D diffraction grating in combination with digital holography","volume":"35","author":"Paturzo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muttikulangara, S.S., Baranski, M., Rehman, S., Hu, L., and Miao, J. (2017). MEMS Tunable Diffraction Grating for Spaceborne Imaging Spectroscopic Applications. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102372"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42140-x","article-title":"Origin of optical nonlinearity of photo-responsive liquid crystals revealed by transient grating imaging","volume":"9","author":"Katayama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17686","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.017686","article-title":"Optical design and evaluation of airborne prism-grating imaging spectrometer","volume":"27","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9786","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.381759","article-title":"Dual phase grating based X-ray differential phase contrast imaging with source grating: Theory and validation","volume":"28","author":"Ge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Express"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/20\/6928\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:17:56Z","timestamp":1760167076000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/20\/6928"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s21206928"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21206928","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]]}}}