{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T01:57:59Z","timestamp":1769219879805,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["759159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["759159"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministry of Education, Universities and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R18SF4YHHS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R18SF4YHHS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004097","name":"ARC Foundation for Cancer Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ELIOS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ELIOS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004097","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-18-CE19-0026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-18-CE19-0026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"French Embassy in Italy and Institut Fran\u00e7ais Italia","award":["Bando Cassini Junior 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Bando Cassini Junior 2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thermal ablation is an acceptable alternative treatment for primary liver cancer, of which laser ablation (LA) is one of the least invasive approaches, especially for tumors in high-risk locations. Precise control of the LA effect is required to safely destroy the tumor. Although temperature imaging techniques provide an indirect measurement of the thermal damage, a degree of uncertainty remains about the treatment effect. Optical techniques are currently emerging as tools to directly assess tissue thermal damage. Among them, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has shown promising results in image-guided surgery and in the thermal ablation field. The highly informative data provided by HSI, associated with deep learning, enable the implementation of non-invasive prediction models to be used intraoperatively. Here we show a novel paradigm \u201cpeak temperature prediction model\u201d (PTPM), convolutional neural network (CNN)-based, trained with HSI and infrared imaging to predict LA-induced damage in the liver. The PTPM demonstrated an optimal agreement with tissue damage classification providing a consistent threshold (50.6 \u00b1 1.5 \u00b0C) for the damage margins with high accuracy (~0.90). The high correlation with the histology score (r = 0.9085) and the comparison with the measured peak temperature confirmed that PTPM preserves temperature information accordingly with the histopathological assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21206934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T21:31:26Z","timestamp":1634765486000},"page":"6934","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Prediction of In Vivo Laser-Induced Thermal Damage with Hyperspectral Imaging Using Deep Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1778-8928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"De Landro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20156 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5664-6746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Felli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology, Department of Biomedical Research, Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Toby","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute against Digestive Cancer (IRCAD), 67000 Strasbourg, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2556-733X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Nkusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute against Digestive Cancer (IRCAD), Kigali, Rwanda"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Baiocchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, 00152 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8241-6442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Barberio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute against Digestive Cancer (IRCAD), 67000 Strasbourg, France"},{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Ospedale Card. G. Panico, 73039 Tricase, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7427-5590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annalisa","family":"Orrico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20156 Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Pizzicannella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Ospedale Card. G. Panico, 73039 Tricase, Italy"},{"name":"IHU-Strasbourg, Institute of Image-Guided Surgery, 67000 Strasbourg, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8269-6766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Hostettler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute against Digestive Cancer (IRCAD), 67000 Strasbourg, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1390-8486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Diana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute against Digestive Cancer (IRCAD), 67000 Strasbourg, France"},{"name":"ICUBE Laboratory, Photonics Instrumentation for Health, University of Strasbourg, 67081 Strasbourg, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4236-8033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Saccomandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20156 Milan, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29086","article-title":"AASLD guidelines for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"67","author":"Heimbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3672","article-title":"Thermal ablation of tumours: Biological mechanisms and advances in therapy","volume":"14","author":"Chu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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