{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T18:34:21Z","timestamp":1773513261799,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 110-2221-E-005-047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 110-2221-E-005-047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A three-axis micro magnetic sensor (MS) is developed based on the standard 180 nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The MS designs two magnetic sensing elements (MSEs), which consists of an x\/y-MSE and an z-MSE, to reduce cross-sensitivity. The x\/y-MSE is constructed by an x-MSE and an y-MSE that are respectively employed to detect in the x- and y-direction magnetic field (MF). The z-MSE is used to sense in the z-direction MF. The x\/y-MSE, which is constructed by two magnetotransistors, designs four additional collectors that are employed to increase the sensing current and to enhance the sensitivity of the MS. The Sentaurus TCAD software simulates the characteristic of the MS. The measured results reveal that the MS sensitivity is 534 mV\/T in the x-direction MF, 525 mV\/T in the y-direction MF and 119 mV\/T in the z-axis MF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21216953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T21:31:26Z","timestamp":1634765486000},"page":"6953","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Manufacturing and Characterization of Three-Axis Magnetic Sensors Using the Standard 180 nm CMOS Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Chi-Han","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8726-9998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Po-Jen","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2992-8614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yao-Chuan","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ching-Liang","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2021.05.020","article-title":"Real-time tracking of organ-shape and vessel-locations for surgical navigation using MEMS tri-axis magnetic sensors","volume":"93","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. 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