{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T06:29:00Z","timestamp":1782541740685,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1931211, 11941001, 41972322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1931211, 11941001, 41972322"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2019MD008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2019MD008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Pre-research project on Civil Aerospace Technologies","award":["D020102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D020102"]}]},{"name":"grants from Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration","award":["LDSE202002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LDSE202002"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto\u2010electronics Technology","award":["2018\u2010ZDKF\u20102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\u2010ZDKF\u20102"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A remote Raman prototype with a function of excitation energy adjusting for the purpose of obtaining a Raman signal with good signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), saving power consumption, and possibly avoiding destroying a target by high energy pulses, which may have applications for Chinese planetary explorations, has been setup and demonstrated for detecting different minerals. The system consists of a spectrograph equipped with a thermoelectrically cooled charge-coupled device (CCD) detector, a telescope with 150 mm diameter and 1500 mm focus length, and a compact 1064 nm Nd:YAG Q-switched laser with an electrical adjusted pulse energy from 0 to 200 mJ\/pulse. A KTP crystal was used for second harmonic generation in a 1064 nm laser to generate a 532 nm laser, which is the source of Raman scatting. Different laser pulse energies and integration time were used to obtain distinguishable remote Raman spectra of various samples. Results show that observed remote Raman spectra at a distance of 4 m enable us to identify silicates, carbonates, sulfates, perchlorates, water\/water ice, and organics that have been found or may exist on extraterrestrial planets. Detailed Raman spectral assignments of the measured planetary materials and the feasible applications of remote Raman system for planetary explorations are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21216973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T23:27:39Z","timestamp":1634858859000},"page":"6973","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["A Remote Raman System and Its Applications for Planetary Material Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Hongkun","family":"Qu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, School of Space Science and Physics, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9260-5765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zongcheng","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, School of Space Science and Physics, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1919-0265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaobin","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, School of Space Science and Physics, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanqing","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, School of Space Science and Physics, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7864-3140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changqing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, School of Space Science and Physics, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0054-9557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haijun","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, School of Space Science and Physics, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21189","DOI":"10.1029\/95JE02133","article-title":"Raman spectroscopy as a method for mineral identification on lunar robotic exploration missions","volume":"100","author":"Wang","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. 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