{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T11:58:28Z","timestamp":1780315108590,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2016YFC1305703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC1305703"]}]},{"name":"2019 Guangxi one thousand young and middle-aged college and university backbone teachers cultivation program","award":["not yet"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["not yet"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of Guangxi Key Laboratory of automatic detection technology and instruments","award":["YQ20112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YQ20112"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61627807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61627807"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangxi Science and Technology Major Special Project","award":["2019AA12005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019AA12005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Blood glucose (BG) concentration monitoring is essential for controlling complications arising from diabetes, as well as digital management of the disease. At present, finger-prick glucometers are widely used to measure BG concentrations. In consideration of the challenges of invasive BG concentration measurements involving pain, risk of infection, expense, and inconvenience, we propose a noninvasive BG concentration detection method based on the conservation of energy metabolism. In this study, a multisensor integrated detection probe was designed and manufactured by 3D-printing technology to be worn on the wrist. Two machine-learning algorithms were also applied to establish the regression model for predicting BG concentrations. The results showed that the back-propagation neural network model produced better performance than the multivariate polynomial regression model, with a mean absolute relative difference and correlation coefficient of 5.453% and 0.936, respectively. Here, about 98.413% of the predicted values were within zone A of the Clarke error grid. The above results proved the potential of our method and device for noninvasive glucose concentration detection from the human wrist.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21216989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T23:27:39Z","timestamp":1634858859000},"page":"6989","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Noninvasive Blood Glucose Concentration Measurement Based on Conservation of Energy Metabolism and Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6987-3967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianming","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2773-439X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junxiang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering and Automation, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aojie","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhencheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering and Automation, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2441","article-title":"Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes, 2015: A Patient-Centered Approach Update to a Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes","volume":"38","author":"Inzucchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108072","article-title":"Global and regional estimates and projections of diabetes-related health expenditure: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition","volume":"162","author":"Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. 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