{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T02:36:47Z","timestamp":1774579007339,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Underwater noise has been identified as a relevant pollution affecting marine ecosystems in different ways. Despite the numerous studies performed over the last few decades regarding the adverse effect of underwater noise on marine life, a lack of knowledge and methodological procedures still exists, and results are often tentative or qualitative. A monitoring methodology for the behavioral response of bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) when exposed to ship and wind turbine operational noises was implemented and tested in a fixed commercial tuna feeding cage in the Mediterranean sea. Fish behavior was continuously monitored, combining synchronized echosounder and video recording systems. Automatic information extracted from acoustical echograms was used to describe tuna reaction to noise in terms of average depth and vertical dimensions of the school and the indicators of swimming speed and tilt direction. Video recordings allowed us to detect changes in swimming patterns. Different kinds of stimuli were considered during bluefin tuna cage monitoring, such as noise generated by feeding boats, wind farm operational noise, and other synthetic signals projected in the medium using a broadband underwater projector. The monitoring system design was revealed as a successful methodological approach to record and quantify reactions to noise. The obtained results suggested that the observed reactions presented a strong relationship with insonification pressure level and time. Behavioral changes associated with noise are difficult to observe, especially in semi-free conditions; thus, the presented approach offered the opportunity to link anthropogenic activity with possible effects on a given marine species, suggesting the possibility of achieving a more realistic framework to assess the impacts of underwater noise on marine animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21216998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T23:27:39Z","timestamp":1634858859000},"page":"6998","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Monitoring of Caged Bluefin Tuna Reactions to Ship and Offshore Wind Farm Operational Noises"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8154-8259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente","family":"Puig-Pons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Intitut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 per a la Gesti\u00f3 Integrada de Zones Costaneres, Universitat Polit\u00e9cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, C\/Paranimf 1, Grau de Gandia, 46730 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad Mixta de Investigaci\u00f3n en Tecnolog\u00eda para Estudios Marinos IEO-UPV (UTEM), Muelle Frutero, Port de Gandia, Grau de Gandia, 46730 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ester","family":"Soliveres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intitut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 per a la Gesti\u00f3 Integrada de Zones Costaneres, Universitat Polit\u00e9cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, C\/Paranimf 1, Grau de Gandia, 46730 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad Mixta de Investigaci\u00f3n en Tecnolog\u00eda para Estudios Marinos IEO-UPV (UTEM), Muelle Frutero, Port de Gandia, Grau de Gandia, 46730 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9010-6287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"P\u00e9rez-Arjona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intitut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 per a la Gesti\u00f3 Integrada de Zones Costaneres, Universitat Polit\u00e9cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, C\/Paranimf 1, Grau de Gandia, 46730 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad Mixta de Investigaci\u00f3n en Tecnolog\u00eda para Estudios Marinos IEO-UPV (UTEM), Muelle Frutero, Port de Gandia, Grau de Gandia, 46730 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Espinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intitut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 per a la Gesti\u00f3 Integrada de Zones Costaneres, Universitat Polit\u00e9cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, C\/Paranimf 1, Grau de Gandia, 46730 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad Mixta de Investigaci\u00f3n en Tecnolog\u00eda para Estudios Marinos IEO-UPV (UTEM), Muelle Frutero, Port de Gandia, Grau de Gandia, 46730 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Poveda-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Universitari de F\u00edsica Aplicada a les Ci\u00e8ncies i les Tecnologies, Universitat d\u2019Alacant, Ap. de Correus 99, 03080 Alacant, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Ramis-Soriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Universitari de F\u00edsica Aplicada a les Ci\u00e8ncies i les Tecnologies, Universitat d\u2019Alacant, Ap. de Correus 99, 03080 Alacant, Spain"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Ordo\u00f1ez-Cebri\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zunibal S.L., Idorsolo Kalea, 1, 48160 Derio, Spain"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Moszy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Politechnika Gda\u0144ska, Gabriela Narutowicza 11\/12, 80233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6045-7510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"de la G\u00e1ndara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Mixta de Investigaci\u00f3n en Tecnolog\u00eda para Estudios Marinos IEO-UPV (UTEM), Muelle Frutero, Port de Gandia, Grau de Gandia, 46730 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Espa\u00f1ol de Oceanograf\u00eda, Centro Ocenogr\u00e1fico de Murcia, C\/Varadero, 1, San Pedro del Pinatar, 30740 Murcia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Bou-Cabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Mixta de Investigaci\u00f3n en Tecnolog\u00eda para Estudios Marinos IEO-UPV (UTEM), Muelle Frutero, Port de Gandia, Grau de Gandia, 46730 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Espa\u00f1ol de Oceanograf\u00eda, Centro Ocenogr\u00e1fico de Murcia, C\/Varadero, 1, San Pedro del Pinatar, 30740 Murcia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 L.","family":"Cort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Mixta de Investigaci\u00f3n en Tecnolog\u00eda para Estudios Marinos IEO-UPV (UTEM), Muelle Frutero, Port de Gandia, Grau de Gandia, 46730 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Espa\u00f1ol de Oceanograf\u00eda, Centro Ocenogr\u00e1fico de Murcia, C\/Varadero, 1, San Pedro del Pinatar, 30740 Murcia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Eladio","family":"Santaella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Mixta de Investigaci\u00f3n en Tecnolog\u00eda para Estudios Marinos IEO-UPV (UTEM), Muelle Frutero, Port de Gandia, Grau de Gandia, 46730 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Espa\u00f1ol de Oceanograf\u00eda, Centro Ocenogr\u00e1fico de Murcia, C\/Varadero, 1, San Pedro del Pinatar, 30740 Murcia, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7924","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL061786","article-title":"Anthropogenic pressure on the open ocean: The growth of ship traffic revealed by altimeter data analysis","volume":"41","author":"Tournadre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. 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