{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T08:49:22Z","timestamp":1784882962338,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,23]],"date-time":"2021-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder affecting over 6 million people globally. Although there are symptomatic treatments that can increase the survivability of the disease, there are no curative treatments. The prevalence of PD and disability-adjusted life years continue to increase steadily, leading to a growing burden on patients, their families, society and the economy. Dopaminergic medications can significantly slow down the progression of PD when applied during the early stages. However, these treatments often become less effective with the disease progression. Early diagnosis of PD is crucial for immediate interventions so that the patients can remain self-sufficient for the longest period of time possible. Unfortunately, diagnoses are often late, due to factors such as a global shortage of neurologists skilled in early PD diagnosis. Computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) tools, based on artificial intelligence methods, that can perform automated diagnosis of PD, are gaining attention from healthcare services. In this review, we have identified 63 studies published between January 2011 and July 2021, that proposed deep learning models for an automated diagnosis of PD, using various types of modalities like brain analysis (SPECT, PET, MRI and EEG), and motion symptoms (gait, handwriting, speech and EMG). From these studies, we identify the best performing deep learning model reported for each modality and highlight the current limitations that are hindering the adoption of such CAD tools in healthcare. Finally, we propose new directions to further the studies on deep learning in the automated detection of PD, in the hopes of improving the utility, applicability and impact of such tools to improve early detection of PD globally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21217034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,24]],"date-time":"2021-10-24T22:07:11Z","timestamp":1635113231000},"page":"7034","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Application of Deep Learning Models for Automated Identification of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Review (2011\u20132021)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Hui Wen","family":"Loh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, Singapore University of Social Sciences, Singapore 599494, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanrong","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cogninet Brain Team, Cogninet Australia, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0293-3280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chui Ping","family":"Ooi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, Singapore University of Social Sciences, Singapore 599494, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0102-5424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Subrata","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5117-8333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prabal Datta","family":"Barua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cogninet Brain Team, Cogninet Australia, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"},{"name":"School of Business (Information Systems), Faculty of Business, Education, Law & Arts, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2290-6749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravinesh C.","family":"Deo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, QLD 4300, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4964-7556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Soar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business (Information Systems), Faculty of Business, Education, Law & Arts, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth E.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children\u2019s Hospitals Network, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia"},{"name":"School of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2689-8552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"U. Rajendra","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, Singapore University of Social Sciences, Singapore 599494, Singapore"},{"name":"School of Business (Information Systems), Faculty of Business, Education, Law & Arts, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia"},{"name":"School of Engineering, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore 599489, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan"},{"name":"Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23135","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease symptoms: The patient\u2019s perspective","volume":"25","author":"Politis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov. 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