{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:29:22Z","timestamp":1760236162082,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,24]],"date-time":"2021-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nowadays, it is quite a challenge for app owners to keep users engaged with an app. Currently, the level of user abandonment is one of the key parameters that application owners are interested in. To meet these challenges, we conduct an extended study of a previously proposed solution that significantly reduces the abandonment rate of a given application. The investigated solution is based on the methods of fairness using the QoE and QoS approach. This paper shows that application abandonment ratios can be reduced by using an appropriate approach to fair bandwidth allocation. Adjusting the bandwidth allocation to users, taking into account the quality of the user experience, has a more effective effect on reducing app abandonment ratios than if quality of service is taken into account. This is because the users make the decision to abandon the application based on their feelings rather than technical parameters. In order to effectively reduce application abandonment ratios, a suitable bandwidth allocation algorithm must be used. This paper presents the impact of using different algorithms on the abandonment ratio and compares the popularly used algorithms and the previously proposed bandwidth allocation algorithm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21217050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,24]],"date-time":"2021-10-24T22:07:11Z","timestamp":1635113231000},"page":"7050","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ensuring the QoE-Related Fairness to Reduce the User Abandonment Ratio"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6523-3855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabela","family":"Mazur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11\/12, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7276-6097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Rak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11\/12, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6574-6263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Nowicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11\/12, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Brunnstr\u00f6m, K., Beker, S.A., De Moor, K., Dooms, A., Egger, S., Garcia, M.N., Hossfeld, T., Jumisko-Pyykk\u00f6, S., Keimel, C., and Larabi, M.C. (2021, October 18). Qualinet White Paper on Definitions of Quality of Experience. Available online: https:\/\/hal.archives-ouvertes.fr\/hal-00977812."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2017). Recommendation ITU-T P.10\/G.100\u2013Vocabulary for Performance, Quality of Service and Quality of Experience, International Telecommunication Union. Available online: https:\/\/www.itu.int\/rec\/T-REC-P.10."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"9","article-title":"Should I Stay or Should I Go: Analysis of the Impact of Application QoS on User Engagement in YouTube","volume":"5","author":"Plakia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Assoc. Comput. Mach."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2020, August 12). Mobile Application Abandonment: Common Reasons. Available online: https:\/\/raygun.com\/blog\/mobile-application-abandonment\/."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2020, August 12). The Need for Mobile Speed. Available online: https:\/\/www.blog.google\/products\/admanager\/the-need-for-mobile-speed\/."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2008.080403","article-title":"Max-min fairness and its applications to routing and load-balancing in communication networks: A tutorial","volume":"10","author":"Nace","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Le Boudec, J.Y. (2021, October 18). Rate Adaptation, Congestion Control and Fairness: A Tutorial. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Jain, R.K., Chiu, D.-M.W., and Hawe, W.R. (1998). A Quantitative Measure of Fairness And Discrimination For Resource Allocation In Shared Computer Systems. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansy, A., Fayed, M., and Ammar, M. (2015, January 20\u201322). Network-layer fairness for adaptive video streams. Proceedings of the 2015 IFIP Networking Conference (IFIP Networking), Toulouse, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/IFIPNetworking.2015.7145310"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1145\/1232919.1232926","article-title":"Flow Rate Fairness: Dismantling a Religion","volume":"37","author":"Briscoe","year":"2007","journal-title":"SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"123","article-title":"From Theory to Practice: Improving Bitrate Adaptation in the DASH Reference Player","volume":"15","author":"Spiteri","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Multimed. Comput. Commun. Appl."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joseph, V., and de Veciana, G. (May, January 27). NOVA: QoE-driven optimization of DASH-based video delivery in networks. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2014\u2014IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2014.6847927"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2016.2616342","article-title":"Definition of QoE Fairness in Shared Systems","volume":"21","author":"Heegaard","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossfeld, T., Skorin-Kapov, L., Heegaard, P., and Varela, M. (2018). A new QoE fairness index for QoE management. Qual. User Exp., 3.","DOI":"10.1007\/s41233-018-0017-x"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossfeld, T., Heegaard, P., Varela, M., Skorin-Kapov, L., and Fiedler, M. (July, January 29). From QoS Distributions to QoE Distributions: A System\u2019s Perspective. Proceedings of the 2020 6th IEEE Conference on Network Softwarization (NetSoft), Ghent, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1109\/NetSoft48620.2020.9165426"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-5281-2014-40","article-title":"No-reference image and video quality assessment: A classification and review of recent approaches","volume":"2014","author":"Shahid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eurasip J. Image Video Process."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2021, October 18). Recommendation ITU-T P.800.1\u2014Mean Opinion Score (MOS) Terminology. Available online: https:\/\/www.itu.int\/rec\/T-REC-P.800.1\/en."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2021, October 18). ITU-T: Recommendation P.800\u2014Methods for Subjective Determination of Trans-Mission Quality. Available online: https:\/\/www.itu.int\/rec\/T-REC-P.800-199608-I."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazur, I., Rak, J., and Nowicki, K. (2020). Minimising the Churn Out of the Service by Using a Fairness Mechanism. Comput. Netw., 117\u2013137.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-50719-0_10"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2021, October 18). ITU-T: Recommendation G.1030\u2014Estimating End-to-End Performance in IP Networks for Data Applications. Available online: https:\/\/www.itu.int\/rec\/T-REC-G.1030-201402-I\/en."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reichl, P., Egger-Lampl, S., Schatz, R., and D\u2019Alconzo, A. (2010, January 23\u201327). The Logarithmic Nature of QoE and the Role of the Weber-Fechner Law in QoE Assessment. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Cape Town, South Africa.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2010.5501894"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Leila, S. (2011). QoE-Based Application Mapping for Resource Management. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Toronto]."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/21\/7050\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:22:27Z","timestamp":1760167347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/21\/7050"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,24]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s21217050"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21217050","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,24]]}}}