{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T16:13:39Z","timestamp":1762272819467,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DPI2016-78831-C2-2-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPI2016-78831-C2-2-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002809","name":"Government of Catalonia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017 SGR 1551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017 SGR 1551"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003176","name":"Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n Cultura y Deporte","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FPU0244 2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU0244 2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003176","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FEDER funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEDER funds"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of automated insulin delivery systems has become a reality for people with type 1 diabetes (T1D), with several hybrid systems already on the market. One of the particularities of this technology is that the patient is in the loop. People with T1D are the plant to control and also a plant operator, because they may have to provide information to the control loop. The most immediate information provided by patients that affects performance and safety are the announcement of meals and exercise. Therefore, to ensure safety and performance, the human factor impact needs to be addressed by designing fault monitoring strategies. In this paper, a monitoring system is developed to diagnose potential patient modes and faults. The monitoring system is based on the residual generation of a bank of observers. To that aim, a linear parameter varying (LPV) polytopic representation of the system is adopted and a bank of Kalman filters is designed using linear matrix inequalities (LMI). The system uncertainty is propagated using a zonotopic-set representation, which allows determining confidence bounds for each of the observer outputs and residuals. For the detection of modes, a hybrid automaton model is generated and diagnosis is performed by interpreting the events and transitions within the automaton. The developed system is tested in simulation, showing the potential benefits of using the proposed approach for artificial pancreas systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21217117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T23:24:42Z","timestamp":1635377082000},"page":"7117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Hybrid Automata Approach for Monitoring the Patient in the Loop in Artificial Pancreas Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8207-2259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleix","family":"Beneyto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Automatic Engineering, University of Girona, 17004 Girona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6364-6429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicen\u00e7","family":"Puig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Automatic Control Department-Campus de Terrassa, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08222 Terrassa, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6472-1902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B. Wayne","family":"Bequette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6884-9789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josep","family":"Vehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Automatic Engineering, University of Girona, 17004 Girona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metab\u00f3licas Asociadas, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3131","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2109","article-title":"The long-term effects of type 1 diabetes treatment and complications on health-related quality of life: A 23-year follow-up of the Diabetes Control and Complications\/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications cohort","volume":"36","author":"Jacobson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20080008","article-title":"Diabetes-related microvascular and macrovascular diseases in the physical therapy setting","volume":"88","author":"Cade","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. 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