{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T05:17:11Z","timestamp":1780982231080,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China","award":["202112011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202112011"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52101390"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52101390"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) has subverted people\u2019s lives, causing the rapid development of sensor technologies. However, traditional sensor energy sources, like batteries, suffer from the pollution problem and the limited lifetime for powering widely implemented electronics or sensors. Therefore, it is essential to obtain self-powered sensors integrated with renewable energy harvesters. The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), which can convert the surrounding mechanical energy into electrical energy based on the surface triboelectrification effect, was born of this background. This paper systematically introduces the working principle of the TENG-based self-powered sensor, including the triboelectrification effect, Maxwell\u2019s displacement current, and quantitative analysis method. Meanwhile, this paper also reviews the recent application of TENG in different fields and summarizes the future development and current problems of TENG. We believe that there will be a rise of TENG-based self-powered sensors in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21217129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T23:24:42Z","timestamp":1635377082000},"page":"7129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Recent Progress in Self-Powered Sensors Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerators"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Junpeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5082-6757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2012.01.004","article-title":"Flexible triboelectric generator","volume":"1","author":"Fan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9533","DOI":"10.1021\/nn404614z","article-title":"Triboelectric nanogenerators as new energy technology for self-powered systems and as active mechanical and chemical sensors","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.106077","article-title":"MXene enhanced self-powered alternating current electroluminescence devices for patterned flexible displays","volume":"86","author":"Jsa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.129864","article-title":"Multifunctional and superhydrophobic cellulose composite paper for electromagnetic shielding, hydraulic triboelectric nanogenerator and Joule heating applications","volume":"420","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. 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