{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T03:47:25Z","timestamp":1779248845783,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP20H02371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20H02371"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP21K04501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21K04501"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The establishment of maritime safety and security is an important concern. Ship position prediction for maritime situational awareness (MSA), as a critical aspect of maritime safety and security, requires a longer time interval than collision avoidance and maritime traffic monitoring. However, previous studies focused mainly on shorter time-interval predictions ranging from 30 min to 10 h. A longer time-interval ship position prediction is required not only for MSA, but also for efficient allocation of ships by shipping companies in accordance with global freight demand. This study used an end-to-end tracking method that inputs the previous position of a vessel to a trained deep learning model to predict its next position with an average 24-h interval. An AIS dataset with a long-time-interval distribution in a nine-year timespan for capesize bulk carriers worldwide was used. In the first experiment, a deep learning model of the Indian Ocean was examined. Subsequently, the model performance was compared for six different oceans and six primary maritime chokepoints to investigate the influence of each area. In the third experiment, a sample location within the Malacca Strait area was selected, and the number of ships was counted daily. The results indicate that the ship position can be predicted accurately with an average time interval of 24 h using deep learning systems with AIS data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21217169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T23:52:35Z","timestamp":1635465155000},"page":"7169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Long-Term Ship Position Prediction Using Automatic Identification System (AIS) Data and End-to-End Deep Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"family":"Ibadurrahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kunihiro","family":"Hamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yujiro","family":"Wada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jota","family":"Nanao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha, Ltd., Tokyo 100-8540, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marubeni Corporation, Tokyo 100-8088, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Majima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Knowledge and Data System Department, National Maritime Research Institute, Tokyo 181-0004, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigue, J.-P., Comtois, C., and Slack, B. 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