{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T13:46:54Z","timestamp":1779889614187,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Social Science Fund of China","award":["17BC043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17BC043"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper introduces a cognitive psychological experiment that was conducted to analyze how traditional film editing methods and the application of cognitive event segmentation theory perform in virtual reality (VR). Thirty volunteers were recruited and asked to watch a series of short VR videos designed in three dimensions: time, action (characters), and space. Electroencephalograms (EEG) were recorded simultaneously during their participation. Subjective results show that any of the editing methods used would lead to an increased load and reduced immersion. Furthermore, the cognition of event segmentation theory also plays an instructive role in VR editing, with differences mainly focusing on frontal, parietal, and central regions. On this basis, visual evoked potential (VEP) analysis was performed, and the standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography algorithm (sLORETA) traceability method was used to analyze the data. The results of the VEP analysis suggest that shearing usually elicits a late event-related potential component, while the sources of VEP are mainly the frontal and parietal lobes. The insights derived from this work can be used as guidance for VR content creation, allowing VR image editing to reveal greater richness and unique beauty.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21217176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]],"date-time":"2021-10-28T23:52:35Z","timestamp":1635465155000},"page":"7176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A High-Density EEG Study Investigating VR Film Editing and Cognitive Event Segmentation Theory"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Feng","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Film Academy, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Film Special Effects Engineering Technology Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Film Academy, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanqiu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Film Academy, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenrui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Film Academy, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingjie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"},{"name":"College of International Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2018.04.003","article-title":"Emotional effect of cinematic VR compared with traditional 2D film","volume":"35","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Telemat. Inform."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Bordwell, D., and Thompson, K.J.F.A.A.I. (2011). Film Art: An Introduction, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.12.1.155","article-title":"The role of cutting in the evaluation and retention of film","volume":"12","author":"Kraft","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3072959.3073668","article-title":"Movie Editing and Cognitive Event Segmentation in Virtual Reality Video","volume":"36","author":"Serrano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acm Trans. Graph."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650219838959","article-title":"Exploring the Effects of Violating the 180-Degree Rule on Film Viewing Preferences","volume":"46","author":"Kachkovski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"44","article-title":"VR film\u2019s reconfiguration of the narrative features of images\u2013The example of My Brother\u2019s Keeper","volume":"23","author":"Guiming","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Media"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3167\/proj.2008.020102","article-title":"Neurocinematics: The Neuroscience of Film","volume":"2","author":"Hasson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Proj."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2010.0100","article-title":"The Role of Immersion and Narrative in Mediated Presence: The Virtual Hospital Experience","volume":"14","author":"Gorini","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5163","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185163","article-title":"Emotion Recognition in Immersive Virtual Reality: From Statistics to Affective Computing","volume":"20","author":"Javier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00602","article-title":"Moving mirrors: A high-density EEG study investigating the effect of camera movements on motor cortex activation during action observation","volume":"26","author":"Katrin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/22\/4\/305","article-title":"A method to standardize a reference of scalp EEG recordings to a point at infinity","volume":"22","author":"Yao","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00325","article-title":"EEG Source Imaging: A Practical Review of the Analysis Steps","volume":"10","author":"Michel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1177\/009365090017003001","article-title":"Involuntary Attention and Physiological Arousal Evoked by Structural Features and Emotional Content in TV Commercials","volume":"17","author":"Lang","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Commun. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"5","article-title":"Standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA): Technical details","volume":"24","year":"2002","journal-title":"Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.02.041","article-title":"Neural correlates of age-related visual search decline: A combined ERP and sLORETA study","volume":"41","author":"Amenedo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1080\/08838159909364504","article-title":"The effects of production pacing and arousing content on the information processing of television messages","volume":"43","author":"Lang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Broadcasting Electron. Media"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532785XMEP0801_2","article-title":"Cortical Activation While Watching Video Montage: An fMRI Study","volume":"8","author":"Anderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Media Psychol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"194","article-title":"A Brain Wave Research on VR (Virtual Reality) Usage: Comparison Between VR and 2D Video in EEG Measurement","volume":"Volume 592","author":"Kweon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Advances in Human Factors and Systems Interaction, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Proceedings of the AHFE 2017 International Conference on Human Factors and Systems Interaction, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 17\u221221 July 2017"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"124","article-title":"Analysis of event related potentials in a word recognition experiment with fluent and dysfluent readers","volume":"49","author":"Norrgrann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Contact Dermat."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.15323\/techart.2016.08.3.3.23","article-title":"Virtual Reality Filmmaking Methodology (Animation Producing)","volume":"3","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"TECHART J. Arts Imaging Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, D.-Y., Kim, J., Shin, Y.-S., Jang, D.-P., and Kim, S.-P. (2014). Coherent neural responses of human populations during watching movie. 2014 14th International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems (ICCAS 2014), Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems (ICCAS 2014), Gyeonggi-do, Korea, 22\u201325 October 2014, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCAS.2014.6988000"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"702","article-title":"Model construction of VR image depth jumping and viewers\u2019 perceived reaction time","volume":"26","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Shanghai Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Rich360: Optimized Spherical Representation from Structured Panoramic Camera Arrays","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Celine, T. (2017). Virtual Reality Filmmaking: Techniques & Best Practices for VR Filmmakers, Taylor and Francis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nielsen, L.T., M\u00f8ller, M.B., Hartmeyer, S.D., Ljung, T.C.M., Nilsson, N.C., Nordahl, R., and Serafifin, S. (2016, January 2\u20134). Missing the point: An exploration of how to guide users\u2019 attention during cinematic virtual reality. Proceedings of the 22nd ACM Conference on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1145\/2993369.2993405"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-49616-0_19","article-title":"The Oculus Rift Film Experience: A Case Study on Understanding Films in a Head Mounted Display","volume":"Volume 178","author":"Poppe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intelligent Technologies for Interactive Entertainment, Intetain 2016"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rothe, S., Buschek, D., and Hussmann, H. (2019). Guidance in Cinematic Virtual Reality-Taxonomy, Research Status and Challenges. Multimodal Technol. Interact., 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/mti3010019"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.12439","article-title":"\u201cCuts in Action\u201d: A High-Density EEG Study Investigating the Neural Correlates of Different Editing Techniques in Film","volume":"41","author":"Heimann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9","article-title":"Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of Empirical and Theoretical Research","volume":"Volume 52","author":"Hancock","year":"1988","journal-title":"Advances in Psychology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1162\/105474601300343603","article-title":"The Experience of Presence: Factor Analytic Insights","volume":"10","author":"Schubert","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Presence: Teleoperators Virtual Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, F., Hua, M., Zhang, W., Li, Y., and Yang, X.J.P.O. (2021). Emotional arousal in 2D versus 3D virtual reality environments. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256211"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medeiros, J., Couceiro, R., Duarte, G., Dur\u00e3es, J., Castelhano, J., Duarte, C., Castelo-Branco, M., Madeira, H., de Carvalho, P., and Teixeira, C. (2021). Can EEG Be Adopted as a Neuroscience Reference for Assessing Software Programmers\u2019 Cognitive Load?. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21072338"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R15","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/26\/1\/R02","article-title":"Independent component analysis for biomedical signals","volume":"26","author":"James","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, L., Zhang, Z.G., and Yang, Y.F. (2020). EEG Signal Processing and Feature Extraction, Science Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-9113-2"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036016","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/13\/3\/036016","article-title":"Impact of the reference choice on scalp EEG connectivity estimation","volume":"13","author":"Chella","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1109\/TCIAIG.2013.2260340","article-title":"Electroencephalogram and Physiological Signal Analysis for Assessing Flow in Games","volume":"5","author":"Berta","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Intell. Ai Games"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, H., Yang, X., Sun, Y., Zhu, H., and Zeng, J. (2010). On-line EEG classification for brain-computer interface based on CSP and SVM. 2010 3rd International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, Yantai, China, 16\u201318 October 2010, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISP.2010.5648081"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.114634","article-title":"Application of genetic algorithm based support vector machine in selection of new EEG rhythms for drowsiness detection","volume":"171","author":"Hui","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.H., Matteson, A., Hooshyar, D., Kim, S.H., and Lim, H.S. (2016). Comparing Programming Language Comprehension between Novice and Expert Programmers Using EEG Analysis. 2016 IEEE 16th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Bioengineering (BIBE), Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics & Bioengineering, 31 October\u20132 November 2016, Taichung, Taiwan, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/BIBE.2016.30"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Jensen, E. (2000). Brain-Based Learning\u2013The New Science of Teaching and Training (Revised Edition), Corwin Press."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3992243","article-title":"EEG alpha activity reflects attentional demands, and beta activity reflects emotional and cognitive processes","volume":"228","author":"Ray","year":"1985","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"3","article-title":"Frontal midline theta reflects anxiety and cognitive control: Meta-analytic evidence","volume":"109","author":"Cavanagh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2011.11.006","article-title":"Beta band oscillations engagement in human alertness process","volume":"85","author":"Brzezickab","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(02)00091-0","article-title":"The effect of training distinct neurofeedback protocols on aspects of cognitive performance","volume":"47","author":"Vernon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14645","article-title":"EEG spectral power, but not theta\/beta ratio, is a neuromarker for adult ADHD","volume":"51","author":"Kiiski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasan, R.A., Sulaiman, S., Ashykin, N., Abdullah, M.N., and Ali, S.J.S. (2021). Workplace Mental State Monitoring during VR-Based Training for Offshore Environment. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21144885"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.01.058","article-title":"Oscillatory entrainment of the motor cortical network during motor imagery is modulated by the feedback modality","volume":"111","author":"Gharabaghi","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2018.03.002","article-title":"Towards an affordable brain computer interface for the assessment of programmers\u2019 mental workload","volume":"115","author":"Kosti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.05.020","article-title":"Distinct brain signatures of content and structure violation during action observation","volume":"75","author":"Maffongelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0645","article-title":"Specific versus Nonspecific Brain Activity in a Parametric N-Back Task","volume":"12","author":"Jansma","year":"2000","journal-title":"NeuroImage"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/21\/7176\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:22:18Z","timestamp":1760167338000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/21\/7176"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s21217176"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21217176","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,28]]}}}