{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T09:20:53Z","timestamp":1769505653921,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"La Caixa Foundation","award":["LCF\/BQ\/DE18\/11670019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LCF\/BQ\/DE18\/11670019"]}]},{"name":"La Caixa Foundation","award":["LCF\/BQ\/DI17\/11620029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LCF\/BQ\/DI17\/11620029"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program - Marie Sklodowska-Curie","award":["713673"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["713673"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002809","name":"Government of Catalonia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GRC 2017 SGR 01770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRC 2017 SGR 01770"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities and the European Regional Development Fund","award":["RTI2018-098472-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-098472-B-I00"]}]},{"name":"H2020-ERA-NET Neuron","award":["AC16\/00034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AC16\/00034"]}]},{"name":"La Marat\u00f3 de TV3","award":["201713.31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201713.31"]}]},{"name":"Castellers de la Vila de Gr\u00e0cia","award":["Premi Beca \u201cMike Lane\u201d 2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Premi Beca \u201cMike Lane\u201d 2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) have an increased risk of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), which can lead to serious comorbidities and impact patients\u2019 recovery and quality of life. However, sleep tests are rarely performed on SCI patients, given their multiple health needs and the cost and complexity of diagnostic equipment. The objective of this study was to use a novel smartphone system as a simple non-invasive tool to monitor SDB in SCI patients. We recorded pulse oximetry, acoustic, and accelerometer data using a smartphone during overnight tests in 19 SCI patients and 19 able-bodied controls. Then, we analyzed these signals with automatic algorithms to detect desaturation, apnea, and hypopnea events and monitor sleep position. The apnea\u2013hypopnea index (AHI) was significantly higher in SCI patients than controls (25 \u00b1 15 vs. 9 \u00b1 7, p &lt; 0.001). We found that 63% of SCI patients had moderate-to-severe SDB (AHI \u2265 15) in contrast to 21% of control subjects. Most SCI patients slept predominantly in supine position, but an increased occurrence of events in supine position was only observed for eight patients. This study highlights the problem of SDB in SCI and provides simple cost-effective sleep monitoring tools to facilitate the detection, understanding, and management of SDB in SCI patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21217182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T22:24:22Z","timestamp":1635805462000},"page":"7182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Detection of Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury Using a Smartphone"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7493-1268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yolanda","family":"Castillo-Escario","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Automatic Control (ESAII), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya-Barcelona Tech (UPC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Bioingenier\u00eda, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0501-1660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hatice","family":"Kumru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitaci\u00f3, 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3 Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 en Ci\u00e8ncies de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0281-9023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignasi","family":"Ferrer-Lluis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Automatic Control (ESAII), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya-Barcelona Tech (UPC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Bioingenier\u00eda, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3952-2442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitaci\u00f3, 08916 Badalona, Spain"},{"name":"Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3 Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 en Ci\u00e8ncies de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6541-8729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raimon","family":"Jan\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Automatic Control (ESAII), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya-Barcelona Tech (UPC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Bioingenier\u00eda, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"We spend about one-third of our life either sleeping or attempting to do so","volume":"98","author":"Aminoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Handb. 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