{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:29:24Z","timestamp":1760236164908,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"International Science and Technology Cooperation Program of Shanxi, China","award":["201803D421032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201803D421032"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi, China","award":["201901D111154"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201901D111154"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Based on the principle of underwater transducers, an ultrasonic four-laminated transducer with a frequency of 1 MHz was proposed to solve the problem of large energy attenuation when ultrasonic waves propagate in viscoelastic media. First, this study targeted solid rocket propellant as the research object, and the energy attenuation characteristics of ultrasonic waves propagating in viscoelastic media were analyzed through the derivation of the wave equation. Second, the structure of a four-laminated transducer with a frequency of 1 MHz was designed, and the resonance frequency was obtained by a graphical method. The sound field simulation and experimental results showed that the gain of the four-laminated transducer was 15 dB higher than that of the single-wafer transducer. An ultrasonic feature scanning system was built to complete the qualitative and quantitative detection of the smallest artificial hole (\u03d52 mm \u00d7 10 mm). Finally, two different natural defects were scanned, and the results were compared with those obtained using an industrial computed tomography detection system. The results showed that the ultrasonic method was more accurate in characterizing two natural defects. The primary cause was that the industrial CT was not sensitive to defects parallel to the incident direction of the ray. Therefore, this study not only achieved the qualitative and quantitative nondestructive testing of solid rocket propellants, but also provides an important reference for other viscoelastic components.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21217188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T22:24:22Z","timestamp":1635805462000},"page":"7188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["An Ultrasonic Laminated Transducer for Viscoelastic Media Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6091-8652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shunmin","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenai","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yifang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingquan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongjian","family":"Lian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kangchi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Yang, T.Q., Luo, W.B., Xu, P., Wei, Y.T., and Gang, Q.G. 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