{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:28:58Z","timestamp":1760236138488,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005799","name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["110BRC-B701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110BRC-B701"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005799","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Numerous studies indicated the physical benefits of regular exercise, but the neurophysiological mechanisms of regular exercise in elders were less investigated. We aimed to compare changes in brain activity during exercise in elderly people and in young adults with and without regular exercise habits. A total of 36 healthy young adults (M\/F:18\/18) and 35 healthy elderly adults (M\/F:20\/15) participated in this study. According to exercise habits, each age group were classified into regular and occasional exerciser groups. ECG, EEG, and EMG signals were recorded using V-AMP with a 1-kHz sampling rate. The participants were instructed to perform three 5-min bicycle rides with different exercise loads. The EEG spectral power of elders who exercised regularly revealed the strongest positive correlation with their exercise intensity by using Pearson correlation analysis. The results demonstrate that exercise-induced significant cortical activation in the elderly participants who exercised regularly, and most of the p-values are less than 0.001. No significant correlation was observed between spectral power and exercise intensity in the elders who exercised occasionally. The young participants who exercised regularly had greater cardiac and neurobiological efficiency. Our results may provide a new exercise therapy reference for adult groups with different exercise habits, especially for the elders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21217220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T22:24:22Z","timestamp":1635805462000},"page":"7220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Differences in Physiological Signals Due to Age and Exercise Habits of Subjects during Cycling Exercise"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Szu-Yu","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institution of Biophotonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi-Wen","family":"Jao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institution of Biophotonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Research, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 111, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Po-Shan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institution of Biophotonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Municipal Gandau Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0590-7977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle","family":"Liou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun-Liang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health of Beitou District, Taipei City Government, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsiao","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institution of Biophotonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ching-Ting","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institution of Biophotonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Te","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institution of Biophotonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000923","article-title":"Neural contributions to muscle fatigue: From the brain to the muscle and back again","volume":"48","author":"Taylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.04.012","article-title":"Active travel in Germany and the US: Contributions of daily walking and cycling to physical activity","volume":"41","author":"Buehler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"505","article-title":"Changes in EEG during graded exercise on a recumbent cycle ergometer","volume":"7","author":"Bailey","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2174\/1875399X01306010009","article-title":"Cortical brain activity is influenced by cadence in cyclists","volume":"6","author":"Hottenrott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Open Sports Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00497.2015","article-title":"Changes in cortical activity measured with EEG during a high-intensity cycling exercise","volume":"115","author":"Enders","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.02.006","article-title":"Primary motor cortex activity is elevated with incremental exercise intensity","volume":"181","author":"Schneider","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182172a6f","article-title":"Brain cortical activity is influenced by exercise mode and intensity","volume":"43","author":"Schneider","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-198805050-00002","article-title":"Heart rate and exercise intensity during sports activities","volume":"5","author":"Karvonen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"388","article-title":"Does the aging process significantly modify the Mean Heart Rate?","volume":"101","author":"Santos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1590\/S0066-782X2008001700005","article-title":"Comparison of maximal heart rate using the prediction equations proposed by Karvonen and Tanaka","volume":"91","author":"Camarda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"307","article-title":"The Effects of Training on Heart Rate: A \u201cLongitudinal\u201d Study","volume":"35","author":"Karvonen","year":"1957","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Exp. Biol. Fenn."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.14854","article-title":"The physical activity guidelines for Americans","volume":"320","author":"Piercy","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(87)90206-9","article-title":"Cerebral location of international 10\u201320 system electrode placement","volume":"66","author":"Homan","year":"1987","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.94.1.95","article-title":"Assessment of exercise intensity formulas by use of ventilatory threshold","volume":"94","author":"Goldberg","year":"1988","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daubechies, I. (2009). The Wavelet Transform, Time-Frequency Localization and Signal Analysis, Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400827268.442"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00301","article-title":"Cardiac autonomic responses during exercise and post-exercise recovery using heart rate variability and systolic time intervals\u2014A review","volume":"8","author":"Michael","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-006-0211-z","article-title":"Central adaptations during repetitive contractions assessed by the readiness potential","volume":"97","author":"Schillings","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2004.00176.x","article-title":"Brain electrocortical activity during and after exercise: A quantitative synthesis","volume":"41","author":"Crabbe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.06.016","article-title":"Changes in arousal level by differential exercise intensity","volume":"115","author":"Kamijo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s004240100515","article-title":"Brain activity and fatigue during prolonged exercise in the heat","volume":"442","author":"Nielsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Arch."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.91.5.2017","article-title":"Perceived exertion is associated with an altered brain activity during exercise with progressive hyperthermia","volume":"91","author":"Nybo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, M.A., Meng, L.F., Ouyang, Y., Chan, H.L., Chang, Y.J., Chen, S.W., and Liaw, J.W. (2021). Resistance-induced brain activity changes during cycle ergometer exercises. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-021-00252-w"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Velotta, J., Weyer, J., Ramirez, A., Winstead, J., and Bahamonde, R. (July, January 27). Relationship between leg dominance tests and type of task. Proceedings of the ISBS-Conference Proceedings Archive, Porto, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"257","article-title":"Dominant and Non dominant Leg Activities in Young Adults","volume":"5","author":"Bhise","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"51","article-title":"During a simulated 40-km cycling time-trial","volume":"47","author":"Carpes","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200011000-00010","article-title":"Evidence of neuromuscular fatigue after prolonged cycling exercise","volume":"32","author":"Lepers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R840","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00164.2019","article-title":"Interlimb differences in parameters of aerobic function and local profiles of deoxygenation during double-leg and counterweighted single-leg cycling","volume":"317","author":"Iannetta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.\u2014Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2004.03.005","article-title":"Cerebral perturbations provoked by prolonged exercise","volume":"72","author":"Nybo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.16.1.97","article-title":"The effect of aging on skeletal-muscle recovery from exercise: Possible implications for aging athletes","volume":"16","author":"Fell","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Aging Phys. Act."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/21\/7220\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:23:10Z","timestamp":1760167390000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/21\/7220"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s21217220"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21217220","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]]}}}