{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T19:54:18Z","timestamp":1770580458193,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]],"date-time":"2021-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key projects of universities of Guangdong Province","award":["2019KZDZX2001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019KZDZX2001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52178209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52178209"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51878299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51878299"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51378303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51378303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate estimation of cable tension is crucial for the structural health monitoring of cable-supported structures. Identifying the cable\u2019s force from its vibration data is probably the most widely adopted method of cable tension estimation. According to string theory, the accuracy of estimated cable tension is highly related to identified modal parameters including natural frequencies and frequency order. To alleviate the factors that impact the accuracy of modal parameters when using the peak-picking method in wireless sensor networks, a fully automated and robust identifying method is proposed in this paper. This novel method was implemented on the Xnode wireless sensor system and validated with the data obtained from Jindo Bridge. The experiment results indicate that, through this method, the wireless sensor is able to distinguish the cognizable power spectrum, extract the peaks, eliminate false frequencies and determine frequency orders automatically to estimate cable tension force without any manual intervention or preprocessing. Meanwhile, the results of natural frequencies, corresponding orders and cable tension force obtained from the Xnode system show excellent agreement with the results obtained using the Matlab program method. This demonstrates the effectiveness and reliability of the Xnode estimation system. Furthermore, this method is also appropriate for other high-performance wireless sensor network systems to realize self-identification of cable in long-term monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21217229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T22:24:22Z","timestamp":1635805462000},"page":"7229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Fully Automated and Robust Cable Tension Estimation of Wireless Sensor Networks System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7745-4380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}]},{"given":"Huating","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2554-8107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gengying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}]},{"given":"Haiyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/1475921710365269","article-title":"Structural Health Monitoring in mainland China: Review and Future Trends","volume":"9","author":"Jinping","year":"2010","journal-title":"Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1080\/15732470902720109","article-title":"Smart structure technologies for civil infrastructures in Korea: Recent research and applications","volume":"7","author":"Yun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Struct. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1002\/stc.1634","article-title":"Real-time identification of time-varying tension in stay cables by monitoring cable transversal acceleration","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Struct. Control Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s13349-017-0226-7","article-title":"Stay cable tension estimation using a vision-based monitoring system under various weather conditions","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Civ. Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Tomizuka, M., Jia, Z.-G., Ren, L., Li, D.-S., and Li, H.-N. (2011, January 7\u201310). Cable stretching construction monitoring based on FBG sensor. Proceedings of the Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems 2011, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2005.02.021","article-title":"Technology developments in structural health monitoring of large-scale bridges","volume":"27","author":"Ko","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2021.108113","article-title":"Structural health monitoring using wireless smart sensor network\u2014An overview","volume":"163","author":"Sofi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-1567.2005.tb00210.x","article-title":"Nondestructive bridge cable tension assessment using laser vibrometry","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Tech."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.2208\/jscej.1994.501_163","article-title":"Estimating method of cable tension from natural frequency of high mode","volume":"1994","author":"Shimada","year":"1994","journal-title":"Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.2749\/101686694780601700","article-title":"A Combined Method for Measuring Cable Forces: The Cable-Stayed Alamillo Bridge, Spain","volume":"4","author":"Casas","year":"1994","journal-title":"Struct. Eng. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2007.03.012","article-title":"Estimation of cable tension force using the frequency-based system identification method","volume":"304","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(1996)122:6(651)","article-title":"Practical formulas for estimation of cable tension by vibration method","volume":"122","author":"Zui","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.12989\/sem.2005.20.3.363","article-title":"Empirical formulas to estimate cable tension by cable fundamental frequency","volume":"20","author":"Ren","year":"2005","journal-title":"Struct. Eng. Mech."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2020.3042898","article-title":"Internet of Things as System of Systems: A Review of Methodologies, Frameworks, Platforms, and Tools","volume":"51","author":"Fortino","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2706752","article-title":"Secure authentication scheme for medicine anti-counterfeiting system in IoT environment","volume":"4","author":"Wazid","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179235","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2958835","article-title":"Lora-based precision wireless structural health monitoring system for bolted joints in a smart city environment","volume":"7","author":"Sidorov","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2664072","article-title":"Structural health monitoring framework based on Internet of Things: A survey","volume":"4","author":"Tokognon","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira Dias, C., de Oliveira, J.R., de Mendon\u00e7a, L.D., de Almeida, L.M., de Lima, E.R., and Wanner, L. (2021). An IoT-Based System for Monitoring the Health of Guyed Towers in Overhead Power Lines. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21186173"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.01.304","article-title":"Next Generation Wireless Smart Sensors toward Sustainable Civil Infrastructure","volume":"171","author":"Spencer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2016.12.020","article-title":"Cable tension force estimate using novel noncontact vision-based sensor","volume":"99","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1260\/1369-4332.17.11.1657","article-title":"Design and Experimental Investigations of a Vibration Based Wireless Measurement System for Bridge Cable Tension Monitoring","volume":"17","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, Y., Hoang, T., Mechitov, K., Kim, J.R., Zhang, D., and Spencer, B.F. (2018). Sudden Event Monitoring of Civil Infrastructure Using Demand-Based Wireless Smart Sensors. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124480"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.12989\/sss.2007.3.3.299","article-title":"Issues in structural health monitoring employing smart sensors","volume":"3","author":"Nagayama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Smart Struct. Syst."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X09350719","article-title":"Development of an Automated Wireless Tension Force Estimation System for Cable-stayed Bridges","volume":"21","author":"Cho","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025006","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/23\/2\/025006","article-title":"A wireless smart sensor network for automated monitoring of cable tension","volume":"23","author":"Sim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s13349-015-0132-9","article-title":"Portable and convenient cable force measurement using smartphone","volume":"5","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Civ. Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, X., Yu, Y., Hu, W., Jiao, D., Han, R., Mao, X., Li, M., and Ou, J. (2015). Cable force monitoring system of cable stayed bridges using accelerometers inside mobile smart phone. Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems 2015, International Society for Optics and Photonics.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2084068"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1084-0702(2007)12:4(401)","article-title":"Vibration control of stay cables of the shandong binzhou yellow river highway bridge using magnetorheological fluid dampers","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bridge Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4138279","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4138279","article-title":"Serviceability Assessment Method of Stay Cables with Vibration Control Using First-Passage Probability","volume":"2019","author":"Jeong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Math. Probl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3512","DOI":"10.1177\/1369433219866093","article-title":"Development and full-scale validation of high-fidelity data acquisition on a next-generation wireless smart sensor platform","volume":"22","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veluthedath Shajihan, S.A., Chow, R., Mechitov, K., Fu, Y., Hoang, T., and Spencer, B.F. (2020). Development of synchronized high-sensitivity wireless accelerometer for structural health monitoring. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20154169"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, S., Jang, S., Jo, H., Mechitov, K., Bridge, J., Jung, H.-J., Yun, C.-B., Spencer, B., Nagayama, T., and Seo, J. (2010). Structural health monitoring system of a cable-stayed bridge using a dense array of scalable smart sensor network. Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng., 7647.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.852272"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"609","article-title":"A study on tension for cables of a cable-stayed bridge damper is attached","volume":"20","author":"Park","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Steel Constr."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/21\/7229\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:23:26Z","timestamp":1760167406000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/21\/7229"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s21217229"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21217229","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]]}}}