{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:29:53Z","timestamp":1760236193562,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]],"date-time":"2021-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Project of Henan Federation of Social Science","award":["SKL-2021-2531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKL-2021-2531"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Although hydraulic support can help enterprises in their production activities, it can also cause fatal accidents. Methods: This study established a composite risk-assessment method for hydraulic support failure in the mining industry. The key basic event of hydraulic support failure was identified based on fault tree analysis and gray relational analysis, and the evolution mechanism of hydraulic support failure was investigated based on chaos theory, a synthetic theory model, and cause-and-effect-layer-of-protection analysis (LOPA). Results: After the basic events of hydraulic support failure are identified based on fault tree analysis, structure importance (SI), probability importance (PI), critical importance (CI), and Fussell\u2013Vesely importance (FVI) can be calculated. In this study, we proposed the Fussell\u2013Vesely\u2013Xu importance (FVXI) to reflect the comprehensive impact of basic event occurrence and nonoccurrence on the occurrence probability of the top event. Gray relational analysis was introduced to determine the integrated importance (II) of basic events and identify the key basic events. According to chaos theory, hydraulic support failure is the result of cross-coupling and infinite amplification of faults in the employee, object, environment, and management subsystems, and the evolutionary process has an obvious butterfly effect and inherent randomness. With the help of the synthetic theory model, we investigated the social and organizational factors that may lead to hydraulic support failure. The key basic event, jack leakage, was analyzed in depth based on cause-and-effect-LOPA, and corresponding independent protection layers (IPLs) were identified to prevent jack leakage. Implications: The implications of these findings with respect to hydraulic support failure can be regarded as the foundation for accident prevention in practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21217240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T22:24:22Z","timestamp":1635805462000},"page":"7240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Importance-Based Key Basic Event Identification and Evolution Mechanism Investigation of Hydraulic Support Failure to Protect Employee Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1621-7995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingwei","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Management Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaili","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, July 12). The State Council of the People\u2019s Republic of China, Available online: http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zwgk\/2005-12\/21\/content_133214.htm."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.121093","article-title":"A novel methodology for evaluating the inhibitory effect of chloride salts on the ignition risk of coal spontaneous combustion","volume":"231","author":"Lv","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13311","article-title":"Causation Analysis of Risk Coupling of Gas Explosion Accident in Chinese Underground Coal Mines","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2021, July 12). National Bureau of Statistics, Available online: http:\/\/www.stats.gov.cn\/."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1007\/s11771-021-4646-5","article-title":"Cloud model-clustering analysis based evaluation for ventilation system of underground metal mine in alpine region","volume":"28","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cent. South. Univ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2019.104555","article-title":"Estimation of human error rate in underground coal mines through retrospective analysis of mining accident reports and some error reduction strategies","volume":"123","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2019.05.006","article-title":"The main challenges of safety science","volume":"118","author":"Ge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2021.104746","article-title":"A combined \"ground support-rock modification-destressing\" strategy for 1000-m deep roadways in extreme squeezing ground condition","volume":"142","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3810315","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3810315","article-title":"Accident Analysis in Relation to Main Roof Structure When Longwall Face Advances toward a Roadway: A Case Study","volume":"2018","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2021.04.095","article-title":"Study on spray dust removal law for cleaner production at fully mechanized mining face with large mining height","volume":"389","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2021.03.024","article-title":"Risk assessment on deepwater drilling well control based on dynamic Bayesian network","volume":"149","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Process. Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039.2018.1493679","article-title":"Fuzzy evidence theory and Bayesian networks for process systems risk analysis","volume":"26","author":"Yazdi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2021.105229","article-title":"Occupational electrical accidents: Assessing the role of personal and safety climate factors","volume":"139","author":"Baby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2021.107471","article-title":"Simple method based on sensitivity coefficient for stochastic uncertainty analysis in probabilistic risk assessment","volume":"209","author":"Takeda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2020.104877","article-title":"Dynamic study of critical factors of explosion accident in laboratory based on FTA","volume":"130","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.114771","article-title":"Harnessing heterogeneous social networks for better recommendations: A grey relational analysis approach","volume":"174","author":"Weng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2021.105303","article-title":"Improving accident analysis in construction-Development of a contributing factor classification framework and evaluation of its validity and reliability","volume":"140","author":"Goncalves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2021.03.026","article-title":"Inherently safer design: An accident prevention perspective on reported confined space fatalities in Quebec","volume":"149","author":"Chinniah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Process. Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2019.07.018","article-title":"Research and development of field theory-based 3D risk assessment. Part I: Optimization of risk reduction","volume":"120","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-019-04225-7","article-title":"A novel parameter estimation in dynamic model via fuzzy swarm intelligence and chaos theory for faults in wastewater treatment plant","volume":"24","author":"Anter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150108","DOI":"10.1142\/S021812742150108X","article-title":"Investigation on the Running-In Quality at Different Rotating Speeds by Chaos Theory","volume":"31","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Bifurc. Chaos"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pourasad, Y., Ranjbarzadeh, R., and Mardani, A. (2021). A New Algorithm for Digital Image Encryption Based on Chaos Theory. Entropy, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/e23030341"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, C., Li, B., Ye, Z., and Xiang, P. (2021). Identifying the Non-Traditional Safety Risk Paths of Employees from Chinese International Construction Companies in Africa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041990"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12869","article-title":"Examining Factors that Influence the Existence of Heinrich\u2019s Safety Triangle Using Site-Specific H&S Data from More than 25,000 Establishments","volume":"38","author":"Yorio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"53","article-title":"Synthetic theory model for evolution mechanism of gas explosion accidents","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"China Saf. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2020.11.051","article-title":"A comprehensive approach to analyze the risk of floating roof storage tanks","volume":"146","author":"Pouyakian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Process. Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2021.02.018","article-title":"Development of a predictive accident model for dynamic risk assessment of propane storage tanks","volume":"148","author":"Sarvestani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Process. Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039.2019.1650327","article-title":"Energy release and countermeasures for sand casting explosion accidents","volume":"26","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Q., Xu, K., and Zhou, F. (2020). Safety Assessment of Casting Workshop by Cloud Model and Cause and Effect-LOPA to Protect Employee Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072555"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104468","article-title":"Integration of Recursive Operability Analysis, FMECA and FTA for the Quantitative Risk Assessment in biogas plants: Role of procedural errors and components failures","volume":"71","author":"Barozzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Proc. Ind."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2021.107708","article-title":"A Bayesian Network risk model for estimating coastal maritime transportation delays following an earthquake in British Columbia","volume":"214","author":"Goerlandt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2021.105285","article-title":"A novel fuzzy dynamic Bayesian network for dynamic risk assessment and uncertainty propagation quantification in uncertainty environment","volume":"141","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126110","article-title":"Effects of antimony contamination on bioaccumulation and gut bacterial community of earthworm Eisenia fetida","volume":"416","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2020.10.052","article-title":"FMEA-CM based quantitative risk assessment for process industries-A case study of coal-to-methanol plant in China","volume":"149","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Process. Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104591","article-title":"Failure Mode and Effect Analysis using an integrated approach of clustering and MCDM under pythagorean fuzzy environment","volume":"72","author":"Shahri","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Proc. Ind."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2021.107952","article-title":"A general framework of Bayesian network for system reliability analysis using junction tree","volume":"216","author":"Byun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2021.107733","article-title":"Reliability-oriented sensitivity analysis in presence of data-driven epistemic uncertainty","volume":"215","author":"Sarazin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"65","article-title":"Fault tree analysis and application of common fault in mine hydraulic powered support","volume":"37","author":"Mao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Coal Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/10803548.2018.1454636","article-title":"Application of fuzzy fault tree analysis based on modified fuzzy AHP and fuzzy TOPSIS for fire and explosion in the process industry","volume":"26","author":"Yazdi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Saf. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2009.08.006","article-title":"Ideas and developments in importance measures and fault-tree techniques for reliability and risk analysis","volume":"95","author":"Vaurio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-021-00986-z","article-title":"Gut Microbiota in Lupus: A Butterfly Effect?","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Safety Production Law (2021, October 11). The National People\u2019s Congress of the People\u2019s Republic of China, Available online: http:\/\/www.npc.gov.cn\/npc\/c30834\/202106\/02ceac7db412477c9b6d889d9363afc5.shtml."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Labor Law (2021, October 11). The National People\u2019s Congress of the People\u2019s Republic of China, Available online: http:\/\/www.npc.gov.cn\/npc\/c30834\/201901\/ffad2d4ae4da4585a041abf66e74753c.shtml."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1007\/s00477-018-1618-x","article-title":"Assessment of workplace accident risks in underground collieries by integrating a multi-goal cause-and-effect analysis method with MCDM sensitivity analysis","volume":"32","author":"Bakhtavar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2018.07.007","article-title":"A set pair analysis based layer of protection analysis and its application in quantitative risk assessment","volume":"55","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Proc. Ind."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2020.07.048","article-title":"The application of cloud model combined with nonlinear fuzzy analytic hierarchy process for the safety assessment of chemical plant production process","volume":"145","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Process. Saf. Environ. Prot."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/21\/7240\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:23:36Z","timestamp":1760167416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/21\/7240"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s21217240"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21217240","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]]}}}