{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T13:21:59Z","timestamp":1775913719610,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]],"date-time":"2021-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the elderly population. Similarly to other neurodegenerative diseases, the early diagnosis of PD is quite difficult. The current pilot study aimed to explore the differences in brain connectivity between PD and NOrmal eLDerly (Nold) subjects to evaluate whether connectivity analysis may speed up and support early diagnosis. A total of 26 resting state EEGs were analyzed from 13 PD patients and 13 age-matched Nold subjects, applying to cortical reconstructions the graph theory analyses, a mathematical representation of brain architecture. Results showed that PD patients presented a more ordered structure at slow-frequency EEG rhythms (lower value of SW) than Nold subjects, particularly in the theta band, whereas in the high-frequency alpha, PD patients presented more random organization (higher SW) than Nold subjects. The current results suggest that PD could globally modulate the cortical connectivity of the brain, modifying the functional network organization and resulting in motor and non-motor signs. Future studies could validate whether such an approach, based on a low-cost and non-invasive technique, could be useful for early diagnosis, for the follow-up of PD progression, as well as for evaluating pharmacological and neurorehabilitation treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21217266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T22:24:22Z","timestamp":1635805462000},"page":"7266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Graph Theory on Brain Cortical Sources in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: The Analysis of \u2018Small World\u2019 Organization from EEG"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Vecchio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Via Val Cannuta, 247, 00166 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0020-6274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Pappalettera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Via Val Cannuta, 247, 00166 Roma, Italy"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Miraglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Via Val Cannuta, 247, 00166 Roma, Italy"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Al\u00f9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Via Val Cannuta, 247, 00166 Roma, Italy"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Orticoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Via Val Cannuta, 247, 00166 Roma, Italy"}]},{"given":"Elda","family":"Judica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, Casa Cura Policlinico, 20144 Milano, Italy"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Cotelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di DioFatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0790-4240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Pistoia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurological Institute, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}]},{"given":"Paolo Maria","family":"Rossini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Connectivity Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Via Val Cannuta, 247, 00166 Roma, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6469","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.11.6469","article-title":"Alpha-Synuclein in filamentous inclusions of Lewy bodies from Parkinson\u2019s disease and dementia with lewy bodies","volume":"95","author":"Spillantini","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. 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