{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T11:08:40Z","timestamp":1784632120938,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In healthcare, a multitude of data is collected from medical sensors and devices, such as X-ray machines, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography (CT), and so on, that can be analyzed by artificial intelligence methods for early diagnosis of diseases. Recently, the outbreak of the COVID-19 disease caused many deaths. Computer vision researchers support medical doctors by employing deep learning techniques on medical images to diagnose COVID-19 patients. Various methods were proposed for COVID-19 case classification. A new automated technique is proposed using parallel fusion and optimization of deep learning models. The proposed technique starts with a contrast enhancement using a combination of top-hat and Wiener filters. Two pre-trained deep learning models (AlexNet and VGG16) are employed and fine-tuned according to target classes (COVID-19 and healthy). Features are extracted and fused using a parallel fusion approach\u2014parallel positive correlation. Optimal features are selected using the entropy-controlled firefly optimization method. The selected features are classified using machine learning classifiers such as multiclass support vector machine (MC-SVM). Experiments were carried out using the Radiopaedia database and achieved an accuracy of 98%. Moreover, a detailed analysis is conducted and shows the improved performance of the proposed scheme.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21217286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T22:24:22Z","timestamp":1635805462000},"page":"7286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["COVID-19 Case Recognition from Chest CT Images by Deep Learning, Entropy-Controlled Firefly Optimization, and Parallel Feature Fusion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6347-4890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, HITEC University, Taxila 47080, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majed","family":"Alhaisoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 55211, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7672-1187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Usman","family":"Tariq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Systems Department, College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Khraj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazar","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, HITEC University, Taxila 47080, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Majid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, HITEC University, Taxila 47080, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9990-1084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robertas","family":"Dama\u0161evi\u010dius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Applied Mathematics, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2809-2213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rytis","family":"Maskeli\u016bnas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Multimedia Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology, 51368 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30185-9","article-title":"A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern","volume":"395","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2020). 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