{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T18:28:40Z","timestamp":1773426520685,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004489","name":"Mitacs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004489","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Teledyne DALSA","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The photoconductor layer is an important component of direct conversion flat panel X-ray imagers (FPXI); thus, it should be carefully selected to meet the requirements for the X-ray imaging detector, and its properties should be clearly understood to develop the most optimal detector design. Currently, amorphous selenium (a-Se) is the only photoconductor utilized in commercial direct conversion FPXIs for low-energy mammographic imaging, but it is not practically feasible for higher-energy diagnostic imaging. Amorphous lead oxide (a-PbO) photoconductor is considered as a replacement to a-Se in radiography, fluoroscopy, and tomosynthesis applications. In this work, we investigated the X-ray sensitivity of a-PbO, one of the most important parameters for X-ray photoconductors, and examined the underlying mechanisms responsible for charge generation and recombination. The X-ray sensitivity in terms of electron\u2013hole pair creation energy, W\u00b1, was measured in a range of electric fields, X-ray energies, and exposure levels. W\u00b1 decreases with the electric field and X-ray energy, saturating at 18\u201331 eV\/ehp, depending on the energy of X-rays, but increases with the exposure rate. The peculiar dependencies of W\u00b1 on these parameters lead to a conclusion that, at electric fields relevant to detector operation (~10 V\/\u03bcm), the columnar recombination and the bulk recombination mechanisms interplay in the a-PbO photoconductor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21217321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T21:57:49Z","timestamp":1635976669000},"page":"7321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The X-ray Sensitivity of an Amorphous Lead Oxide Photoconductor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7927-0171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleksandr","family":"Grynko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry and Materials Science Program, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada"}]},{"given":"Tristen","family":"Thibault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Pineau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada"}]},{"given":"Alla","family":"Reznik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada"},{"name":"Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 6V4, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5112","DOI":"10.3390\/s110505112","article-title":"Amorphous and Polycrystalline Photoconductors for Direct Conversion Flat Panel X-ray Image Sensors","volume":"11","author":"Kasap","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasap, S., and Capper, P. 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