{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T16:30:16Z","timestamp":1781886616344,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>By leveraging the development of mobile communication technologies and due to the increased capabilities of mobile devices, mobile multimedia services have gained prominence for supporting high-quality video streaming services. In vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs), high-quality video streaming services are focused on providing safety and infotainment applications to vehicles on the roads. Video streaming data require elastic and continuous video packet distributions to vehicles to present interactive real-time views of meaningful scenarios on the road. However, the high mobility of vehicles is one of the fundamental and important challenging issues for video streaming services in VANETs. Nevertheless, previous studies neither dealt with suitable data caching for supporting the mobility of vehicles nor provided appropriate seamless packet forwarding for ensuring the quality of service (QoS) and quality of experience (QoE) of real-time video streaming services. To address this problem, this paper proposes a video packet distribution scheme named Clone, which integrates vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications to disseminate video packets for video streaming services in VANETs. First, an indicator called current network quality information (CNQI) is defined to measure the feature of data forwarding of each node to its neighbor nodes in terms of data delivery ratio and delay. Based on the CNQI value of each node and the trajectory of the destination vehicle, access points called clones are selected to cache video data packets from data sources. Subsequently, packet distribution optimization is conducted to determine the number of video packets to cache in each clone. Finally, data delivery synchronization is established to support seamless streaming data delivery from a clone to the destination vehicle. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme achieves high-quality video streaming services in terms of QoS and QoE compared with existing schemes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21217368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,7]],"date-time":"2021-11-07T20:42:54Z","timestamp":1636317774000},"page":"7368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Video Packet Distribution Scheme for Multimedia Streaming Services in VANETs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7105-6026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongje","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9410-7244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunseok","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3971-0715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youngju","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0422-0647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Euisin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2007.912927","article-title":"Routing in vehicular ad hoc networks: A survey","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2011.2132790","article-title":"Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) Standards in the United States","volume":"99","author":"Kenney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demba, A., and M\u00f6ller, D.P.F. (2018, January 3\u20135). Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication Technology. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Electro\/Information Technology (EIT), Rochester, MI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/EIT.2018.8500189"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2009.2029119","article-title":"On Wireless Links for Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communications","volume":"59","author":"Belanovic","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1109\/35.544328","article-title":"The strategy and deployment plan for VICS","volume":"34","author":"Yamada","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Reichardt, D., Miglietta, M., Moretti, L., Morsink, P., and Schulz, W. (2002, January 17\u201321). CarTALK 2000: Safe and comfortable driving based upon inter-vehicle-communication. Proceedings of the Intelligent Vehicle Symposium, Versailles, France."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Festag, A. (2008, January 18\u201319). NoW\u2014Network on wheels: Project objectives, technology and achievements. Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Intelligent Transportation (WIT), Hamburg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2021, November 01). Available online: www.car-2-car.org."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2010.5458375","article-title":"Exploiting the wisdom of the crowd: Localized, distributed information-centric VANETs [Topics in Automotive Networking]","volume":"48","author":"Bai","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2008.4689254","article-title":"Communication patterns in VANETs","volume":"46","author":"Schoch","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4236\/cn.2013.51B004","article-title":"Applications of VANETs: Present & Future","volume":"5","author":"Kumer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2011.6094020","article-title":"Routing protocol in intervehicle communication systems: A survey","volume":"49","author":"Suthaputchakun","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"33","article-title":"A systematic review on routing protocols for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks","volume":"1","author":"Dua","year":"2014","journal-title":"Veh. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2012.062612.00084","article-title":"Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey","volume":"15","author":"Pantazis","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/65.967595","article-title":"A survey on position-based routing in mobile ad hoc networks","volume":"15","author":"Mauve","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perkins, C.E., and Royer, E.M. (1999, January 25\u201326). Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing. Proceedings of the Second IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSA.1999.749281"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1145\/190809.190336","article-title":"Highly Dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing (DSDV) for Mobile Computers","volume":"24","author":"Perkins","year":"1999","journal-title":"ACM SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karp, B., and Kung, H.T. (2000, January 6\u201311). GPSR: Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing for Wireless Networks. Proceedings of the 6th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/345910.345953"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K.C., Haerri, J., Lee, U., and Gerla, M. (2007, January 26\u201330). Enhanced Perimeter Routing for Geographic Forwarding Protocols in Urban Vehicular Scenarios. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Globecom Workshops, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOMW.2007.4437832"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2013.011513.122045","article-title":"Investigating a Junction-Based Multipath Source Routing Algorithm for VANETs","volume":"17","author":"Sermpezis","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2012.2212189","article-title":"BAHG: Back-Bone-Assisted Hop Greedy Routing for VANET\u2019s City Environments","volume":"14","author":"Sahu","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2010.103","article-title":"Trajectory-Based Data Forwarding for Light-Traffic Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks","volume":"22","author":"Jeong","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, J., Guo, S., Gu, Y., He, T., and Du, D. (2010, January 21\u201325). TSF: Trajectory-Based Statistical Forwarding for Infrastructure-to-Vehicle Data Delivery in Vehicular Networks. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE 30th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, Genova, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2010.24"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2020.102260","article-title":"Data delivery protocol using the trajectory information on a road map in VANETs","volume":"107","author":"Shin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaimi, I., Houssaini, Z.S., Boushaba, A., and Oumsis, M. (2016, January 26\u201329). An improved GPSR protocol to enhance the video quality transmission over vehicular ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Wireless Networks and Mobile Communications (WINCOM), Fez, Morocco.","DOI":"10.1109\/WINCOM.2016.7777206"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R., Rezende, C., Ramos, H.S., Pazzi, R.W., Boukerche, A., and Loureiro, A.A.F. (2012, January 1\u20134). LIAITHON: A location-aware multipath video streaming scheme for urban vehicular networks. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC), Cappadocia, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCC.2012.6249335"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rezende, C., Ramos, H.S., Pazzi, R.W., Boukerche, A., Frery, A.C., and Loureiro, A.A.F. (2012, January 10\u201315). VIRTUS: A resilient location-aware video unicast scheme for vehicular networks. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Ottawa, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2012.6364470"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"33","article-title":"A Multiconstrained QoS-Compliant Routing Scheme for Highway-Based Vehicular Networks","volume":"1","author":"Lakas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mobile Comput."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smida, E.B., Fantar, S.G., and Youssef, H. (2018, January 22). Video streaming forwarding in a smart city\u2019s VANET. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 11th Conference on Service-Oriented Computing and Applications (SOCA), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/SOCA.2018.8645770"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Abdelkader, B., Ahmed, K., Abdelhabib, B., Mohammed, A., and Laith, A.J. (2019, January 18\u201320). GeoQoE-Vanet: QoE-Aware Geographic Routing Protocol for Video Streaming over Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks. Proceedings of the 11th Computer Science and Electronic Engineering Conference (CEEC 2019), Essex, UK."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quadros, C., Santos, A., Gerla, M., and Cerqueira, E. (2015, January 18\u201322). A QoE-Aware Mechanism to Improve the Dissemination of Live Videos over VANETs. Proceedings of the 2015 XXXIII Brazilian Symposium on Computer Networks and Distributed Systems, Vit\u00f3ria, Esp\u00edrito Santo.","DOI":"10.1109\/SBRC.2015.15"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2014.08.009","article-title":"A distributed beaconless routing protocol for real-time video dissemination in multimedia VANETs","volume":"58","author":"Cerqueira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Amine Fekair, M., Lakas, A., and Korichi, A. (2016, January 11\u201313). CBQoS-Vanet: Cluster-based artificial bee colony algorithm for QoS routing protocol in VANET. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Selected Topics in Mobile Wireless Networking (MoWNeT), Cairo, Egypt.","DOI":"10.1109\/MoWNet.2016.7496597"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10611","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2017.2715719","article-title":"Multimedia Multimetric Map-Aware Routing Protocol to Send Video-Reporting Messages Over VANETs in Smart Cities","volume":"66","author":"Mezher","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, X., Bi, J., Li, M., and Liu, H. (2015, January 6\u20137). Adaptive video streaming uploading with moving prediction in VANETs scenarios. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Networking, Architecture and Storage (NAS), Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/NAS.2015.7255201"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2018.2844681","article-title":"Mobility Prediction-Assisted Over-the-Top Edge Prefetching for Hierarchical VANETs","volume":"36","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2010.173","article-title":"Video Streaming Distribution in VANETs","volume":"22","author":"Soldo","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Henderson, T. (2021, November 01). ns-3 Overview (June 2008). Available online: http:\/\/www.nsnam.org\/docs\/ns-3-overview.pdf."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"151","article-title":"Dynamic Source Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks","volume":"353","author":"Johnson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Lochert, C., Hartenstein, H., Tian, J., Fussler, H., Hermann, D., and Mauve, M. (2003, January 9\u201311). A routing strategy for vehicular ad hoc networks in city environments. Proceedings of the IEEE IV2003 Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. Proceedings (Cat. No.03TH8683), Columbus, OH, USA."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R., Almulla, M., Rezende, C., and Boukerche, A. (2014, January 10\u201314). Video streaming over vehicular networks by a multiple path solution with error correction. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC) 2014, Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2014.6883381"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2016.2582482","article-title":"Utility Maximization for Multimedia Data Dissemination in Large-Scale VANETs","volume":"16","author":"Xing","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bokani, A., Hassan, M., and Kanhere, S. (2013, January 12\u201313). HTTP-Based Adaptive Streaming for Mobile Clients using Markov Decision Process. Proceedings of the 2013 20th International Packet Video Workshop, San Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PV.2013.6691443"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2018.2844123","article-title":"LBP: Robust Rate Adaptation Algorithm for SVC Video Streaming","volume":"26","author":"Elgabli","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2015.2410298","article-title":"Enhancing Mobile Video Capacity and Quality Using Rate Adaptation, RAN Caching and Processing","volume":"24","author":"Pedersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5445","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2817210","article-title":"Cache-Enabled Adaptive Video Streaming Over Vehicular Networks: A Dynamic Approach","volume":"67","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/21\/7368\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:26:27Z","timestamp":1760167587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/21\/7368"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s21217368"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21217368","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]}}}