{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T06:03:32Z","timestamp":1780725812619,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007613","name":"Majmaah University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Department of Computer Science and Information Technology College"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Department of Computer Science and Information Technology College"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007613","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001775","name":"University of Technology Sydney","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Centre for Advanced Modeling and Geospatial Information Systems (CAMGIS)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Centre for Advanced Modeling and Geospatial Information Systems (CAMGIS)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001775","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Studies relating to trends of vegetation, snowfall and temperature in the north-western Himalayan region of India are generally focused on specific areas. Therefore, a proper understanding of regional changes in climate parameters over large time periods is generally absent, which increases the complexity of making appropriate conclusions related to climate change-induced effects in the Himalayan region. This study provides a broad overview of changes in patterns of vegetation, snow covers and temperature in Uttarakhand state of India through bulk processing of remotely sensed Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, meteorological records and simulated global climate data. Additionally, regression using machine learning algorithms such as Support Vectors and Long Short-term Memory (LSTM) network is carried out to check the possibility of predicting these environmental variables. Results from 17 years of data show an increasing trend of snow-covered areas during pre-monsoon and decreasing vegetation covers during monsoon since 2001. Solar radiation and cloud cover largely control the lapse rate variations. Mean MODIS-derived land surface temperature (LST) observations are in close agreement with global climate data. Future studies focused on climate trends and environmental parameters in Uttarakhand could fairly rely upon the remotely sensed measurements and simulated climate data for the region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21217416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T22:08:41Z","timestamp":1636409321000},"page":"7416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Bulk Processing of Multi-Temporal Modis Data, Statistical Analyses and Machine Learning Algorithms to Understand Climate Variables in the Indian Himalayan Region"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5913-5979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd Anul","family":"Haq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science and Information Sciences, AL-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prashant","family":"Baral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geographic Information Systems, NIIT University, Neemrana 301705, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivaprakash","family":"Yaragal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Esri India Technologies Ltd., Noida 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9863-2054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biswajeet","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information Systems (CAMGIS), Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Climate Change Research, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80234, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Earth Observation Centre, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asam, S., Callegari, M., Matiu, M., Fiore, G., De Gregorio, L., Jacob, A., Menzel, A., Zebisch, M., and Notarnicola, C. (2018). Relationship between spatiotemporal variations of climate, snow cover and plant phenology over the Alps-An Earth observation-based analysis. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10111757"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5018","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6018","article-title":"Evidence for a weakening relationship between interannual temperature variability and northern vegetation activity","volume":"5","author":"Piao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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