{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T05:04:31Z","timestamp":1774155871748,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan","award":["110-2222-E-224-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-2222-E-224-001"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatics, Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering of the AGH University of Science and Technology, Cracow, Poland","award":["16.16.120.773"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16.16.120.773"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The main contribution of this paper is to develop a new flowmeter fault detection approach based on optimized non-singleton type-3 (NT3) fuzzy logic systems (FLSs). The introduced method is implemented on an experimental gas industry plant. The system is modeled by NT3FLSs, and the faults are detected by comparison of measured end estimated signals. In this scheme, the detecting performance depends on the estimation and modeling performance. The suggested NT3FLS is used because of the existence of a high level of measurement errors and uncertainties in this problem. The designed NT3FLS with uncertain footprint-of-uncertainty (FOU), fuzzy secondary memberships and adaptive non-singleton fuzzification results in a powerful tool for modeling signals immersed in noise and error. The level of non-singleton fuzzification and membership parameters are tuned by maximum correntropy (MC) unscented Kalman filter (KF), and the rule parameters are learned by correntropy KF (CKF) with fuzzy kernel size. The suggested learning algorithms can handle the non-Gaussian noises that are common in industrial applications. The various types of flowmeters are investigated, and the effect of common faults are examined. It is shown that the suggested approach can detect the various faults with good accuracy in comparison with conventional approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21217419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T22:08:41Z","timestamp":1636409321000},"page":"7419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Non-Singleton Type-3 Fuzzy Approach for Flowmeter Fault Detection: Experimental Study in a Gas Industry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jing-he","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Finance, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1209-1811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jafar","family":"Tavoosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Ilam University, Ilam 69315516, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5173-4563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ardashir","family":"Mohammadzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, University of Bonab, Bonab 5551395133, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5676-1875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saleh","family":"Mobayen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliu 64002, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6862-1634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jihad H.","family":"Asad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Palestine Technical University, Tulkarm P.O. Box 7, Palestine"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1333-5646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wudhichai","family":"Assawinchaichote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut\u2019s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1645-0957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mai The","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8290-8375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Skruch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automatic Control and Robotics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.119058","article-title":"Energy cost and efficiency analysis of building resilience against power outage by shared parking station for electric vehicles and demand response program","volume":"215","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.3390\/s120202005","article-title":"A method based on multi-sensor data fusion for fault detection of planetary gearboxes","volume":"12","author":"Lei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2020.108862","article-title":"An improved phase difference detection method for a Coriolis flowmeter","volume":"172","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clavijo, N., Melo, A., Soares, R.M., Campos, L.F.D.O., Lemos, T., C\u00e2mara, M.M., Anzai, T.K., Diehl, F.C., Thompson, P.H., and Pinto, J.C. 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