{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T16:29:08Z","timestamp":1774456148884,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Induction motors (IM) are key components of any industrial process; hence, it is important to carry out continuous monitoring to detect incipient faults in them in order to avoid interruptions on production lines. Broken rotor bars (BRBs), which are among the most regular and most complex to detect faults, have attracted the attention of many researchers, who are searching for reliable methods to recognize this condition with high certainty. Most proposed techniques in the literature are applied during the IM startup transient, making it necessary to develop more efficient fault detection techniques able to carry out fault identification during the IM steady state. In this work, a novel methodology based on motor current signal analysis and contrast estimation is introduced for BRB detection. It is worth noting that contrast has mainly been used in image processing for analyzing texture, and, to the best of the authors\u2019 knowledge, it has never been used for diagnosing the operative condition of an induction motor. Experimental results from applying the approach put forward validate Unser and Tamura contrast definitions as useful indicators for identifying and classifying an IM operational condition as healthy, one broken bar (1BB), or two broken bars (2BB), with high certainty during its steady state.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21227446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T21:39:07Z","timestamp":1636493947000},"page":"7446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Broken Rotor Bar Detection in Induction Motors through Contrast Estimation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7541-8167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edna Rocio","family":"Ferrucho-Alvarez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Multidisciplinary Studies, Engineering Division, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, University of Guanajuato, Av. Universidad S\/N, Yacatitas, Yuriria 38944, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Ana Laura","family":"Martinez-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Multidisciplinary Studies, Engineering Division, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, University of Guanajuato, Av. Universidad S\/N, Yacatitas, Yuriria 38944, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Cabal-Yepez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Multidisciplinary Studies, Engineering Division, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, University of Guanajuato, Av. Universidad S\/N, Yacatitas, Yuriria 38944, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2341-0470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Rodriguez-Donate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Multidisciplinary Studies, Engineering Division, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, University of Guanajuato, Av. Universidad S\/N, Yacatitas, Yuriria 38944, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0801-029X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Misael","family":"Lopez-Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Multidisciplinary Studies, Engineering Division, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, University of Guanajuato, Av. Universidad S\/N, Yacatitas, Yuriria 38944, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8803-8692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth Ivonne","family":"Mata-Chavez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Multidisciplinary Studies, Engineering Division, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, University of Guanajuato, Av. Universidad S\/N, Yacatitas, Yuriria 38944, Mexico"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2020.103304","article-title":"Chaos Theory Using Density of Maxima Applied to the Diagnosis of Three-Phase Induction Motor Bearings Failure by Sound Analysis","volume":"123","author":"Bruno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2013.2286931","article-title":"FPGA-Based Broken Bars Detection on Induction Motors under Different Load Using Motor Current Signature Analysis and Mathematical Morphology","volume":"63","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. 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