{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T08:26:53Z","timestamp":1765268813842,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52071293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52071293"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Continuous sensing of water parameters is of great importance to fluid dynamic progress study in oceans, coastal areas and inland waters. The acoustic tomography technique can perform water temperature field measurements horizontally and vertically using sound wave travel information. The layer-averaged water temperature can also be measured with the acoustic tomography method. However, investigations focusing on the stratified mechanism, which consists of stratification form and its influence on inversion error, are seldom performed. In this study, an acoustic tomography experiment was carried out in a reservoir along two vertical slices to observe the layer-averaged water temperature. Specifically, multi-path sound travel information is identified through ray tracing using high-precision topography data obtained via a ship-mounted ADCP during the experiment. Vertical slices between sound stations are divided into different layers to study layer division inversion methods in different preset types. The inversion method is used to calculate the average water temperature and inversion temperature error of every layer. Different layer methods are studied with a comparison of results. The layer division principle studied in this paper can be used for layer-averaged water temperature sensing with multi-path sound transmission information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21227448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T21:39:07Z","timestamp":1636493947000},"page":"7448","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Layer-Averaged Water Temperature Sensing in a Lake by Acoustic Tomography with a Focus on the Inversion Stratification Mechanism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0145-5448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shijie","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China"},{"name":"Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhao","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Development Center, Qingdao Nation Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China"},{"name":"Pilot Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3916-1229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyi","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8096-0439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haocai","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China"},{"name":"Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China"},{"name":"Pilot Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6812-9076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaneko, A., Zhu, X., and Lin, J. 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