{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T22:08:06Z","timestamp":1780524486165,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Smart mirrors are devices that can display any kind of information and can interact with the user using touch and voice commands. Different kinds of smart mirrors exist: general purpose, medical, fashion, and other task specific ones. General purpose smart mirrors are suitable for home environments but the exiting ones offer similar, limited functionalities. In this paper, we present a general-purpose smart mirror that integrates several functionalities, standard and advanced, to support users in their everyday life. Among the advanced functionalities are the capabilities of detecting a person\u2019s emotions, the short- and long-term monitoring and analysis of the emotions, a double authentication protocol to preserve the privacy, and the integration of Alexa Skills to extend the applications of the smart mirrors. We exploit a deep learning technique to develop most of the smart functionalities. The effectiveness of the device is demonstrated by the performances of the implemented functionalities, and the evaluation in terms of its usability with real users.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21227453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T21:39:07Z","timestamp":1636493947000},"page":"7453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["A Smart Mirror for Emotion Monitoring in Home Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7070-1545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Bianco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, Systems and Communication, University of Milano-Bicocca, Viale Sarca 336, 20126 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5925-2646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Celona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, Systems and Communication, University of Milano-Bicocca, Viale Sarca 336, 20126 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2878-2131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluigi","family":"Ciocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, Systems and Communication, University of Milano-Bicocca, Viale Sarca 336, 20126 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2389-0301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Marelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, Systems and Communication, University of Milano-Bicocca, Viale Sarca 336, 20126 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9112-0574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Napoletano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, Systems and Communication, University of Milano-Bicocca, Viale Sarca 336, 20126 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, Systems and Communication, University of Milano-Bicocca, Viale Sarca 336, 20126 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7461-1451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raimondo","family":"Schettini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, Systems and Communication, University of Milano-Bicocca, Viale Sarca 336, 20126 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Mack, E. (2021, October 15). Toshiba\u2019s Smart Mirror Concept Puts the Future on Display. Available online: https:\/\/newatlas.com\/toshiba-smart-mirror-concept-ces-2014\/30574\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2011.0139","article-title":"Positive technology: Using interactive technologies to promote positive functioning","volume":"15","author":"Riva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2019.03.016","article-title":"Positive technology for elderly well-being: A review","volume":"137","author":"Grossi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johri, A., Jafri, S., Wahi, R.N., and Pandey, D. (2018, January 14\u201315). Smart mirror: A time-saving and affordable assistant. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computing Communication and Automation (ICCCA), Greater Noida, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCAA.2018.8777554"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghazal, M., Al Hadithy, T., Al Khalil, Y., Akmal, M., and Hajjdiab, H. (2017, January 21\u201323). A mobile-programmable smart mirror for ambient iot environments. Proceedings of the International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud Workshops (FiCloudW), Prague, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/FiCloudW.2017.106"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Geng, L., and Dan, K. (2018, January 25\u201326). Design of smart mirror based on Raspberry Pi. Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Transportation, Big Data & Smart City (ICITBS), Xiamen, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICITBS.2018.00028"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Athira, S., Francis, F., Raphel, R., Sachin, N., Porinchu, S., and Francis, S. (2016, January 18\u201319). Smart mirror: A novel framework for interactive display. Proceedings of the International Conference on Circuit, Power and Computing Technologies (ICCPCT), Nagercoil, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCPCT.2016.7530197"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, I.C.A., Salm\u00f3n, E.R.L., Riega, R.V., and Padilla, A.B. (2017, January 4\u20137). Implementation and customization of a smart mirror through a facial recognition authentication and a personalized news recommendation algorithm. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Signal-Image Technology & Internet-Based Systems (SITIS), Jaipur, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/SITIS.2017.17"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed, A.S.A., Wahab, M.A., Suhaily, S., and Arasu, D.B.L. (2018, January 21\u201323). Smart mirror design powered by raspberry pi. Proceedings of the Artificial Intelligence and Cloud Computing Conference, Tokyo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1145\/3299819.3299840"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2008.4637575","article-title":"Interactive multimedia mirror system design","volume":"54","author":"Ding","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Park, K.H., Tae-Seon, K., Heo, C.R., Kim, M.Y., and Kim, T.K. (2018). Smart Mirror with Focus Control. (10,134,370), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarnin, S.S., Akbar, A., Mohamad, W.N.W., Idris, A., Fadzlina Naim, N., and Ya\u2019acob, N. (2018, January 28\u201331). Maleficent mirror with alexa voice services as an internet of things implement using raspberry pi 3 model b. Proceedings of the TENCON 2018\u20132018 IEEE Region 10 Conference, Jeju, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/TENCON.2018.8650106"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Darrell, T., Gordon, G., Woodfill, J., and Harville, M. (1998, January 14\u201316). A virtual mirror interface using real-time robust face tracking. Proceedings of the International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, Nara, Japan."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiala, M. (2007, January 10\u201314). Magic mirror and hand-held and wearable augmentations. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Virtual Reality Conference, Charlotte, NC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2007.352493"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, K., Deng, X., Huang, Z., and Chen, S. (2018, January 25\u201327). Design of the smart mirror based on raspberry pi. Proceedings of the Advanced Information Management, Communicates, Electronic and Automation Control Conference (IMCEC), Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMCEC.2018.8469570"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"607","article-title":"IoT Based Home Automation using Smart Mirror","volume":"4","author":"Ganesh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Sci. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Strickland, E., and Hatrie, H.H.M. (2021, October 15). HomeMirror. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/HannahMitt\/HomeMirror."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"199","article-title":"Smart Mirror of Personal Environment using Voice Recognition","volume":"14","author":"Yeo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Korea Inst. Electron. Commun. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019souza, A.A., Kaul, P., Paul, E., and Dhuri, M. (2018, January 26\u201328). Ambient Intelligence Using Smart Mirror-Personalized Smart Mirror for Home Use. Proceedings of the Bombay Section Signature Conference (IBSSC), Mumbai, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/IBSSC47189.2019.8972978"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathivanan, P., Anbarasan, G., Sakthivel, A., and Selvam, G. (2019, January 29\u201330). Home automation using smart mirror. Proceedings of the International Conference on System, Computation, Automation and Networking (ICSCAN), Pondicherry, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSCAN.2019.8878799"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bahendwar, I., Bhardwaj, R., Hindaria, S., and Rathod, V. (2018, January 28\u201329). Mirr-Active An Aritificially Intelligent Interactive Mirror. Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Computation and Telecommunication (ICACAT), Bhopal, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACAT.2018.8933649"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"15","article-title":"Artificially intelligent smart mirror using Raspberry Pi","volume":"180","author":"Kafi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawale, J., and Chaudhari, P. (2019, January 29\u201331). IoT based Design of Intelligent Mirror using Raspberry Pi. Proceedings of the International Conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT), Pune, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/I2CT45611.2019.9033738"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Jia, J., Fu, J., Ma, Y., Huang, J., and Tong, Z. (2016, January 15\u201319). Magic mirror: A virtual fashion consultant. Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimedia, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1145\/2964284.2970928"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Villamil, R., Samarasekera, S., and Kumar, R. (2012, January 16\u201321). Magic mirror: A virtual handbag shopping system. Proceedings of the Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, Providence, RI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2012.6239181"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saakes, D., Yeo, H.S., Noh, S.T., Han, G., and Woo, W. (2016, January 7\u201312). Mirror mirror: An on-body t-shirt design system. Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, San Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858282"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, T.V., and Liu, L. (2017, January 23\u201327). Smart mirror: Intelligent makeup recommendation and synthesis. Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimedia, Mountain View, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3123266.3127926"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"148","article-title":"Interactive mirror for smart home","volume":"9","author":"Sethukkarasi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2016.03.018","article-title":"Wize Mirror-a smart, multisensory cardio-metabolic risk monitoring system","volume":"148","author":"Andreu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Elsevier Comput. Vis. Image Underst."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2017.2666545","article-title":"Mirror mirror on the wall... an unobtrusive intelligent multisensory mirror for well-being status self-assessment and visualization","volume":"19","author":"Henriquez","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multimed."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erazo, O., Pino, J.A., Pino, R., Asenjo, A., and Fern\u00e1ndez, C. (2014, January 6\u20139). Magic mirror for neurorehabilitation of people with upper limb dysfunction using kinect. Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Waikoloa, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2014.329"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Von Hollen, S., and Reeh, B. (2019, January 24\u201326). Smart Mirror Devices. Proceedings of the International Conference on Innovations for Community Services, Bhubaneswar, India."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.12928\/telkomnika.v18i1.12434","article-title":"Smart health monitoring system using IoT based smart fitness mirror","volume":"18","author":"Muneer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Telkomnika"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cvetkoska, B., Marina, N., Bogatinoska, D.C., and Mitreski, Z. (2017, January 17). Smart mirror E-health assistant\u2014Posture analyze algorithm proposed model for upright posture. Proceedings of the International Conference on Smart Technologies, Bengaluru, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/EUROCON.2017.8011163"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Moon, Y.B., Oh, S.W., Kang, H.J., Lee, H.S., Kim, S.J., and Bang, H.C. (2015, January 5\u20137). Smart mirror health management services based on iot platform. Proceedings of the International Conference on Applications of Computer Engineering (ACE\u201915), Seoul, Korea."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iyer, S.R., Basu, S., Yadav, S., Vijayanand, V.M., and Badrinath, K. (2018, January 20\u201322). Reasonably intelligent mirror. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Systems and Information Technology for Sustainable Solutions (CSITSS), Karnataka, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSITSS.2018.8768748"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, R.P., Liu, Z.T., Zheng, L.D., Wu, J.P., and Hu, C.C. (2018, January 25\u201327). Intelligent Mirror System Based on Facial Expression Recognition and Color Emotion Adaptation\u2014\u2014iMirror. Proceedings of the Chinese Control Conference (CCC), Wuhan, China.","DOI":"10.23919\/ChiCC.2018.8483540"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2012.6170064","article-title":"Magic mirror table for social-emotion alleviation in the smart home","volume":"58","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Honnali, V., Honnali, M.P., Vibhuti, M.A., and Malakannavar, M.R. (2021, November 06). Design and Implementation of Magic Mirror for Social-Emotion Alleviation in the Smart Home Using GSM. Available online: http:\/\/www.kscst.iisc.ernet.in\/spp\/41_series\/SPP41S\/02_Exhibition_Projects\/234_41S_BE_1440.pdf."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Hanlon, M. (2021, October 15). Philips HomeLab Creates Mirror TV. Available online: https:\/\/newatlas.com\/philips-homelab-creates-mirror-tv\/2003\/."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Groups Inc., C (2021, October 15). Mango Mirror. Available online: https:\/\/www.mangomirror.com\/."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Hanlon, M. (2021, October 15). Ekko Smart Mirror Puts a Wealth of Information Right in Front of Your Face. Available online: https:\/\/www.digitaltrends.com\/home\/ekko-smart-mirror-integrates-functional-technology-everyday-object\/."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Crist, R. (2021, October 15). Griffin Technology Takes a Stab at the Smart Mirror at CES 2017. Available online: https:\/\/www.cnet.com\/reviews\/griffin-technology-connected-mirror-preview\/."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Memomi (2021, October 15). Memory Mirror. Available online: https:\/\/memorymirror.com\/."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Carman, A. (2021, October 15). The HiMirror Plus Scanned My Face and Told Me I Have Wrinkles. Available online: https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2017\/1\/4\/14166064\/himirror-plus-scan-smart-mirror-ces-2017\/."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Airnodes (2021, October 15). Anna Smart Mirror. Available online: https:\/\/www.miroir-anna.com\/."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Panasonic (2021, October 15). Digital Concierge\u2014Advanced Smart Mirror with IBM Watson. Available online: https:\/\/channel.panasonic.com\/contents\/19698\/."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"381","article-title":"IoT based Assistive Smart Mirror with Human Emotion Recognition System","volume":"9","author":"Tater","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol. (IJERT)"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bianco, S., Celona, L., and Napoletano, P. (2018, January 2\u20135). Visual-based sentiment logging in magic smart mirrors. Proceedings of the International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Berlin (ICCE-Berlin), Berlin, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCE-Berlin.2018.8576217"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"13044","article-title":"An Industrial Purpose Smart Mirror For Mood Detection","volume":"6","author":"Bhosale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Emerg. Trends Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-018-0068-7","article-title":"Reflecting health: Smart mirrors for personalized medicine","volume":"1","author":"Miotto","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silapasuphakornwong, P., and Uehira, K. (2021, January 9\u201311). Smart Mirror for Elderly Emotion Monitoring. Proceedings of the Global Conference on Life Sciences and Technologies (LifeTech), Nara, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/LifeTech52111.2021.9391829"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, H., Bae, J., Choi, J., and Kim, H. (2021). LUX: Smart Mirror with Sentiment Analysis for Mental Comfort. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093092"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"CareOS (2021, October 15). CareOS\u2014The First Smart Health & Beauty Platform for the Bathroom. Available online: https:\/\/care-os.com\/themis\/."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1755","article-title":"Dlib-ml: A machine learning toolkit","volume":"10","author":"King","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kazemi, V., and Sullivan, J. (2014, January 23\u201328). One millisecond face alignment with an ensemble of regression trees. Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), Columbus, OH, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.241"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bianco, S., Celona, L., and Schettini, R. (2021, January 16\u201318). Who Is in the Crowd? Deep Face Analysis for Crowd Understanding. Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-68790-8_38"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2017.2740923","article-title":"Affectnet: A database for facial expression, valence, and arousal computing in the wild","volume":"10","author":"Mollahosseini","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Celona, L., Bianco, S., and Schettini, R. (2018). Fine-grained face annotation using deep multi-task cnn. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18082666"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Luo, P., Wang, X., and Tang, X. (2015, January 11\u201318). Deep learning face attributes in the wild. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Vision, Las Condes, Chile.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.425"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bianco, S., Cereda, E., and Napoletano, P. (2018, January 2\u20135). Discriminative Deep Audio Feature Embedding for Speaker Recognition in the Wild. Proceedings of the International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Berlin (ICCE-Berlin), Berlin, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCE-Berlin.2018.8576237"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagrani, A., Chung, J.S., and Zisserman, A. (2017). VoxCeleb: A large-scale speaker identification dataset. arXiv.","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2017-950"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2014.2336244","article-title":"Crema-d: Crowd-sourced emotional multimodal actors dataset","volume":"5","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burkhardt, F., Paeschke, A., Rolfes, M., Sendlmeier, W.F., and Weiss, B. (2005, January 4\u20138). A database of German emotional speech. Proceedings of the European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, Lisbon, Portugal.","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2005-446"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W. (2010). Machine Audition: Principles, Algorithms and Systems: Principles, Algorithms and Systems, IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-61520-919-4"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Pichora-Fuller, M.K., and Dupuis, K. (2020). Toronto Emotional Speech Set (TESS), Scholars Portal Dataverse. Draft Version."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"(2021, October 15). React Component for Avataaars. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/fangpenlin\/avataaars."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.651044","article-title":"The effects of dynamic and static emotional facial expressions of humans and their avatars on the EEG: An ERP and ERD\/ERS study","volume":"15","author":"Sollfrank","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fabri, M., Elzouki, S.Y.A., and Moore, D. (2007, January 22\u201327). Emotionally expressive avatars for chatting, learning and therapeutic intervention. Proceedings of the International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-73110-8_29"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00186","article-title":"What role can avatars play in e-mental health interventions? Exploring new models of client\u2013therapist interaction","volume":"7","author":"Rehm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"(2021, October 15). Python Alexa Voice Service App. Available online: https:\/\/pypi.org\/project\/avs\/."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Livingstone, S.R., and Russo, F.A. (2018). The Ryerson Audio-Visual Database of Emotional Speech and Song (RAVDESS): A dynamic, multimodal set of facial and vocal expressions in North American English. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196391"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"4","article-title":"SUS-A quick and dirty usability scale","volume":"189","author":"Brooke","year":"1996","journal-title":"Usability Eval. Ind."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92735","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3092646","article-title":"Adversarial attacks against face recognition: A comprehensive study","volume":"9","author":"Vakhshiteh","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4811","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2021.3116438","article-title":"Study of Pre-processing Defenses against Adversarial Attacks on State-of-the-art Speaker Recognition Systems","volume":"16","author":"Joshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Gu, S., Zhu, F., Xu, J., and Zhao, R. (2021, January 5\u20139). Improving Facial Attribute Recognition by Group and Graph Learning. Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME), Shenzhen, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME51207.2021.9428078"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5116","DOI":"10.1002\/int.22505","article-title":"Optimal feature selection based speech emotion recognition using two-stream deep convolutional neural network","volume":"36","author":"Kwon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8127","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-10119-w","article-title":"Speaker independent feature selection for speech emotion recognition: A multi-task approach","volume":"80","author":"Kalhor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64270","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2877890","article-title":"Benchmark analysis of representative deep neural network architectures","volume":"6","author":"Bianco","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/22\/7453\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:28:22Z","timestamp":1760167702000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/22\/7453"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s21227453"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21227453","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]]}}}