{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:31:46Z","timestamp":1760236306159,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this work is to evaluate the possibility of inexpensively producing small-batch polymer sheet components using robotized single point incremental forming (SPIF) without backing plate support. An innovative method of thermal and ultrasound assisted deformation of a polymer sheet is proposed using a tool with a sphere mounted in a ring-shaped magnetic holder, the friction of which with the tool holder is reduced by ultrasound, and the heating is performed by a laser. The heated tool moving on the sheet surface locally increases the plasticity of the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymer in the contact zone with less deforming force does not reducing the stiffness of the polymer around the tool contact area and eliminating the need for a backing plate. The free 3D rotating ball also changes the slip of the tool on the surface of the polymer sheet by the rolling, thereby improving the surface quality of the product. The finite element method (FEM) allowed the virtual evaluation of the deformation parameters of the SPIF. Significant process parameters were found, and the behavior of the heated polymer sheet was determined.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21227459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T23:04:46Z","timestamp":1636671886000},"page":"7459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Investigation of Advanced Robotized Polymer Sheet Incremental Forming Process"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Vytautas","family":"Ostasevicius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechatronics, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu Street 56, LT-51424 Kaunas, Lithuania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4140-1102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darius","family":"Eidukynas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechatronics, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu Street 56, LT-51424 Kaunas, Lithuania"}]},{"given":"Vytautas","family":"Jurenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechatronics, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu Street 56, LT-51424 Kaunas, Lithuania"}]},{"given":"Ieva","family":"Paleviciute","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechatronics, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu Street 56, LT-51424 Kaunas, Lithuania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3212-7407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marius","family":"Gudauskis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechatronics, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu Street 56, LT-51424 Kaunas, Lithuania"}]},{"given":"Valdas","family":"Grigaliunas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechatronics, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu Street 56, LT-51424 Kaunas, Lithuania"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-020-06056-5","article-title":"Incremental sheet forming of thermoplastics: A review","volume":"111","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2008.02.013","article-title":"Single point incremental forming of PVC","volume":"209","author":"Franzen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2009.03.095","article-title":"Single point incremental forming of polymers","volume":"58","author":"Martins","year":"2009","journal-title":"CIRP Ann."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/MSF.878.74","article-title":"Study on process parameters on single point incremental forming of PVC","volume":"878","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Forum"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.04.018","article-title":"Revealing the Dominant Forming Mechanism of Single Point Incremental Forming (SPIF) by Splitting Plastic Energy Dissipation","volume":"183","author":"Maqbool","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medina-Sanchez, G., Garcia-Collado, A., Carou, D., and Dorado-Vicente, R. (2018). Force prediction for incremental forming of polymer sheets. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11091597"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1007\/s12289-008-0191-0","article-title":"Preliminary studies on single point incremental forming for thermoplastic materials","volume":"1","author":"Le","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mater. Form."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davarpanah, M.A., and Malhotra, R. (2015). Effect of incremental depth and part shape on failure modes in single point incremental forming of polymers. ASME 2015 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference, American Society of Mechanical Engineers Digital Collection.","DOI":"10.1115\/MSEC2015-9263"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2015.03.014","article-title":"Effects of incremental depth and tool rotation on failure modes and microstructural properties in Single Point Incremental Forming of polymers","volume":"222","author":"Davarpanah","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lozano-S\u00e1nchez, L.M., Bagudanch, I., Sustaita, A.O., Iturbe-Ek, J., Elizalde, L.E., Garcia-Romeu, M.L., and El\u00edas-Z\u00fa\u00f1iga, A. (2018). Single-Point Incremental Forming of Two Biocompatible Polymers: An insight into their thermal and structural properties. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10040391"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2015.12.494","article-title":"Manufacturing of biocompatible cranial geometry by single point incremental forming","volume":"132","author":"Bagudanch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabater, M., Garcia-Romeu, M.L., Vives-Mestres, M., Ferrer, I., and Bagudanch, I. (2018). Process parameter effects on biocompatible thermoplastic sheets produced by incremental forming. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11081377"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.10.835","article-title":"Incremental sheet forming of a composite made of thermoplastic matrix and glass-fiber reinforcement","volume":"207","author":"Conte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2019.04.036","article-title":"Hot single-point incremental forming of glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (PA6GF47) supported by hot air","volume":"43","author":"Amar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2016.11.032","article-title":"Mechanical and structural studies on single point incremental forming of polypropylene-MWCNTs composite sheets","volume":"242","author":"Sustaita","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2018.07.042","article-title":"Formability and failure modes in Single Point Incremental Forming of Metal-Polymer Laminates","volume":"26","author":"Davarpanah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulkarni, S., Sreedhara, V.S.M., and Mocko, G. (2016, January 21\u201324). Heat Assisted Single Point Forming of Polymer Sheets. Proceedings of the ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, Charlotte, NC, USA.","DOI":"10.1115\/DETC2016-60031"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2021, October 07). Rochling Industrial Materials. Available online: https:\/\/www.roechling.com\/industrial\/materials\/thermoplastics\/detail\/trovidur-esa-d-261."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Ostasevicius, V., Jurenas, V., Bubulis, A., Eidukynas, D., Paulauskaite-Taraseviciene, A., and Paleviciute, I. (2021). Sheet Parts Incremental Forming Device. (Patent Application No. LT2021 549)."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"302","article-title":"Reduction of friction using piezoelectrically excited ultrasonic vibrations","volume":"Volume 4331","author":"Littmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Smart Structures and Materials 2001: Damping and Isolation"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Ostasevicius, V., Jurenas, V., Eidukynas, D., Bubulis, A., and Paleviciute, I. (2020). Incremental Forming Machine for Sheet Plastic Parts. (Patent Application No. LT2020 528)."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/22\/7459\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:28:30Z","timestamp":1760167710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/22\/7459"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s21227459"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21227459","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]]}}}