{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T10:05:43Z","timestamp":1787738743138,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although the single threshold is still considered a suitable and easy-to-do technique to extract water features in spatiotemporal analysis, it leads to unavoidable errors. This paper uses an enumerative search to optimize thresholds over satellite-derived modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI). We employed a cross-validation approach and treated accuracy as a random variable in order to: (a) investigate uncertainty related to its application; (b) estimate non-optimistic errors involving single thresholding; (c) investigate the main factors that affect the accuracy\u2019s model, and (d) compare satellite sensors performance. We also used a high-resolution digital elevation model to extract water elevations values, making it possible to remove topographic effects and estimate non-optimistic errors exclusively from orbital imagery. Our findings evidenced that there is a region where thresholds values can vary without causing accuracy loss. Moreover, by constraining thresholds variation between these limits, accuracy is dramatically improved and outperformed the Otsu method. Finally, the number of scenes employed to optimize a single threshold drastically affects the accuracy, being not appropriate using a single scene once it leads to overfitted threshold values. More than three scenes are recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21227494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T23:04:46Z","timestamp":1636671886000},"page":"7494","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Uncertainties Involved in the Use of Thresholds for the Detection of Water Bodies in Multitemporal Analysis from Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8121-6871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Gustavo de Moura","family":"Reis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technology and Geosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50670-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9916-4459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendson de Oliveira","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technology, Federal University of Piau\u00ed (UFPI), Teresina 64049-550, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9411-0651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Ribeiro Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technology and Geosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50670-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5853-6030","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Carlos Ruberto","family":"Fragoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technology, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Macei\u00f3 57072-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1798-7521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Miguel","family":"Ruiz-Armenteros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartographic, Geodetic and Photogrammetry Engineering, University of Ja\u00e9n, Campus Las Lagunillas, s\/n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"},{"name":"Microgeodesia Ja\u00e9n Research Group (PAIDI RNM-282), University of Ja\u00e9n, Campus Las Lagunillas, s\/n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Studies on Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment CEACTEMA, University of Ja\u00e9n, Campus Las Lagunillas, s\/n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime Joaquim da Silva Pereira","family":"Cabral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technology and Geosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50670-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzana Maria Gico Lima","family":"Montenegro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technology and Geosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50670-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8350","DOI":"10.1029\/2019WR025500","article-title":"Tracking Multidecadal Lake Water Dynamics with Landsat Imagery and Topography\/Bathymetry","volume":"55","author":"Weekley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Resour. 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