{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T13:48:18Z","timestamp":1782827298207,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]],"date-time":"2021-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003030","name":"Agency for Administration of University and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COMRDI-16-1-0054-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMRDI-16-1-0054-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovatio","award":["PID2020-115905RB-C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-115905RB-C"]}]},{"name":"Interreg Cooperation Program POCTEFA 2014-2020","award":["EFA153\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EFA153\/16"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article presents a new data-driven method for locating leaks in water distribution networks (WDNs). It is triggered after a leak has been detected in the WDN. The proposed approach is based on the use of inlet pressure and flow measurements, other pressure measurements available at some selected inner nodes of the WDN, and the topological information of the network. A reduced-order model structure is used to calculate non-leak pressure estimations at sensed inner nodes. Residuals are generated using the comparison between these estimations and leak pressure measurements. In a leak scenario, it is possible to determine the relative incidence of a leak in a node by using the network topology and what it means to correlate the probable leaking nodes with the available residual information. Topological information and residual information can be integrated into a likelihood index used to determine the most probable leak node in the WDN at a given instant k or, through applying the Bayes\u2019 rule, in a time horizon. The likelihood index is based on a new incidence factor that considers the most probable path of water from reservoirs to pressure sensors and potential leak nodes. In addition, a pressure sensor validation method based on pressure residuals that allows the detection of sensor faults is proposed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21227551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]],"date-time":"2021-11-14T20:51:53Z","timestamp":1636923113000},"page":"7551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Robust Data-Driven Leak Localization in Water Distribution Networks Using Pressure Measurements and Topological Information"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3207-4189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e9bora","family":"Alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Supervision, Safety and Automatic Control Research Center (CS2AC), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Gaia Building, Rambla Sant Nebridi, 22, 08222 Terrassa, Spain"},{"name":"IMT Nord Europe, Universit\u00e9 de Lille, CERI Digital Systems, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5626-3753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaquim","family":"Blesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Supervision, Safety and Automatic Control Research Center (CS2AC), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Gaia Building, Rambla Sant Nebridi, 22, 08222 Terrassa, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Rob\u00f2tica i Inform\u00e0tica Industrial (CSIC-UPC), Carrer Llorens Artigas, 4-6, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Serra H\u00fanter Fellow Automatic Control Department (ESAII), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC), Pau Gargallo, 5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1622-0994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Duviella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMT Nord Europe, Universit\u00e9 de Lille, CERI Digital Systems, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9624-5843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lala","family":"Rajaoarisoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMT Nord Europe, Universit\u00e9 de Lille, CERI Digital Systems, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/15730621003610878","article-title":"A review of methods for leakage management in pipe networks","volume":"7","author":"Puust","year":"2010","journal-title":"Urban Water J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-013-0853-x","article-title":"A global assessment of the impact of climate change on water scarcity","volume":"134","author":"Gosling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clim. 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