{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T12:41:15Z","timestamp":1768740075235,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]],"date-time":"2021-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP19K04286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19K04286"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP20K14684"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20K14684"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP20hm0102077h0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20hm0102077h0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Evaluation of the initial stability of implants is essential to reduce the number of implant failures of pedicle screws after orthopedic surgeries. Laser resonance frequency analysis (L-RFA) has been recently proposed as a viable diagnostic scheme in this regard. In a previous study, L-RFA was used to demonstrate the diagnosis of implant stability of monoaxial screws with a fixed head. However, polyaxial screws with movable heads are also frequently used in practice. In this paper, we clarify the characteristics of the laser-induced vibrational spectra of polyaxial screws which are required for making L-RFA diagnoses of implant stability. In addition, a novel analysis scheme of a vibrational spectrum using L-RFA based on machine learning is demonstrated and proposed. The proposed machine learning-based diagnosis method demonstrates a highly accurate prediction of implant stability (peak torque) for polyaxial pedicle screws. This achievement will contribute an important analytical method for implant stability diagnosis using L-RFA for implants with moving parts and shapes used in various clinical situations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21227553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]],"date-time":"2021-11-14T20:51:53Z","timestamp":1636923113000},"page":"7553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Machine Learning-Based Diagnosis in Laser Resonance Frequency Analysis for Implant Stability of Orthopedic Pedicle Screws"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7921-6298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katsuhiro","family":"Mikami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4229-5823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitsutaka","family":"Nemoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan"}]},{"given":"Takeo","family":"Nagura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Biomechanics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2279-7028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaya","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}]},{"given":"Morio","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1105-2669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Nakashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000166503.37969.8a","article-title":"United States trends in lumbar fusion surgery for degenerative conditions","volume":"30","author":"Deyo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"2702","article-title":"United States\u2019 trends and regional variations in lumbar spine surgery: 1992\u20132003","volume":"32","author":"Weinstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-016-2487-8","article-title":"Predictive validity of preoperative CT scans and the risk of pedicle screw loosening in spinal surgery","volume":"136","author":"Bredow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. 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