{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:32:08Z","timestamp":1760236328163,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]],"date-time":"2021-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61801022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61801022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFE0131500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFE0131500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Civil Space Project of China","award":["D040301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D040301"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ghost imaging is an indirect optical imaging technique, which retrieves object information by calculating the intensity correlation between reference and bucket signals. However, in existing correlation functions, a high number of measurements is required to acquire a satisfied performance, and the increase in measurement number only leads to limited improvement in image quality. Here, inspired by the gradient descent idea that is widely used in artificial intelligence, we propose a gradient-descent-like ghost imaging method to recursively move towards the optimal solution of the preset objective function, which can efficiently reconstruct high-quality images. The feasibility of this technique has been demonstrated in both numerical simulation and optical experiments, where the image quality is greatly improved within finite steps. Since the correlation function in the iterative formula is replaceable, this technique offers more possibilities for image reconstruction of ghost imaging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21227559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]],"date-time":"2021-11-14T20:51:53Z","timestamp":1636923113000},"page":"7559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Gradient-Descent-like Ghost Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9481-2389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-Kai","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1372-7017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen-Xi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ya-Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuo-Fei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chong","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R3429","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.52.R3429","article-title":"Optical imaging by means of two-photon quantum entanglement","volume":"52","author":"Pittman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Phys. 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