{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T14:40:37Z","timestamp":1771944037806,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]],"date-time":"2021-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Interreg VA","award":["IVA5034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IVA5034"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ability to monitor Sprained Ankle Rehabilitation Exercises (SPAREs) in home environments can help therapists ascertain if exercises have been performed as prescribed. Whilst wearable devices have been shown to provide advantages such as high accuracy and precision during monitoring activities, disadvantages such as limited battery life and users\u2019 inability to remember to charge and wear the devices are often the challenges for their usage. In addition, video cameras, which are notable for high frame rates and granularity, are not privacy-friendly. Therefore, this paper proposes the use and fusion of privacy-friendly and Unobtrusive Sensing Solutions (USSs) for data collection and processing during SPAREs in home environments. The present work aims to monitor SPAREs such as dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, inversion, and eversion using radar and thermal sensors. The main contributions of this paper include (i) privacy-friendly monitoring of SPAREs in a home environment, (ii) fusion of SPAREs data from homogeneous and heterogeneous USSs, and (iii) analysis and comparison of results from single, homogeneous, and heterogeneous USSs. Experimental results indicated the advantages of using heterogeneous USSs and data fusion. Cluster-based analysis of data gleaned from the sensors indicated an average classification accuracy of 96.9% with Neural Network, AdaBoost, and Support Vector Machine, amongst others.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21227560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]],"date-time":"2021-11-14T20:51:53Z","timestamp":1636923113000},"page":"7560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Fusion of Unobtrusive Sensing Solutions for Sprained Ankle Rehabilitation Exercises Monitoring in Home Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4072-7178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Idongesit","family":"Ekerete","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Jordanstown Campus, Ulster University, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3420-0532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matias","family":"Garcia-Constantino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Jordanstown Campus, Ulster University, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yohanca","family":"Diaz-Skeete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NetwellCASALA Advanced Research Centre, Dundalk Institute of Technology, A91 K584 Dundalk, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0882-7902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Nugent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Jordanstown Campus, Ulster University, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"McLaughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering (NIBEC), Jordanstown Campus, Ulster University, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/24.1.49","article-title":"Hospital- and Home-Based Rehabilitation after Discharge from Hospital for Stroke Patients: Analysis of Two Trials","volume":"24","author":"Gladman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0941","article-title":"Non-Invasive Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation in Patients with Central Nervous System Lesions: An Educational Review","volume":"44","author":"Schuhfried","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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