{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:32:31Z","timestamp":1760236351386,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41974195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41974195"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Innovation Fund of Natural Science from Nanchang University","award":["9166-27060003-YB14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9166-27060003-YB14"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the rapid progress of hardware and software, a wireless sensor network has been widely used in many applications in various fields. However, most discussions for the WSN node deployment mainly concentrated on the two-dimensional plane. In such a case, some large scale applications, such as information detection in deep space or deep sea, will require a good three dimensional (3D) sensor deployment scenario and also attract most scientists\u2019 interests. Excellent deployment algorithms enable sensors to be quickly deployed in designated areas with the help of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In this paper, for the first time, we present a three dimensional network deployment algorithm inspired by physical dusty plasma crystallization theory in large-scale WSN applications. Four kinds of performance evaluation methods in 3D space, such as the moving distance, the spatial distribution diversion, system coverage rate, and the system utilization are introduced and have been carefully tested.Furthermore, in order to improve the performance of the final deployment, we integrated the system coverage rate and the system utilization to analyze the parameter effects of the Debye length and the node sensing radius. This criterion attempts to find the optimal sensing radius with a fixed Debye length to maximize the sensing range of the sensor network while reducing the system redundancy. The results suggest that our 3D algorithm can quickly complete an overall 3D network deployment and then dynamically adjust parameters to achieve a better distribution. In practical applications, engineers may choose appropriate parameters based on the sensor\u2019s hardware capabilities to achieve a better 3D sensor network deployment. It may be significantly used in some large-scale 3D WSN applications in the near future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21227576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T20:46:47Z","timestamp":1637009207000},"page":"7576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Novel 3D Node Deployment Inspired by Dusty Plasma Crystallization in UAV-Assisted Wireless Sensor Network Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0154-3456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rongxin","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"},{"name":"School of Information and Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"},{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuhao","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"},{"name":"School of Information and Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiming","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAICT (Jiangxi) Science and Technology Innovation Research Institute Co., Ltd., Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"},{"name":"School of Information and Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiping","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computing Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiyun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Usun Microelectronics, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuhao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2013.01.010","article-title":"Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions","volume":"29","author":"Gubbi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Future Gener. 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