{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T04:06:23Z","timestamp":1770005183791,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Advancements in electrode technologies to both stimulate and record the central nervous system\u2019s electrical activities are enabling significant improvements in both the understanding and treatment of different neurological diseases. However, the current neural recording and stimulating electrodes are metallic, requiring invasive and damaging methods to interface with neural tissue. These electrodes may also degrade, resulting in additional invasive procedures. Furthermore, metal electrodes may cause nerve damage due to their inherent rigidity. This paper demonstrates that novel electrically conductive organic fibers (ECFs) can be used for direct nerve stimulation. The ECFs were prepared using a standard polyester material as the structural base, with a carbon nanotube ink applied to the surface as the electrical conductor. We report on three experiments: the first one to characterize the conductive properties of the ECFs; the second one to investigate the fiber cytotoxic properties in vitro; and the third one to demonstrate the utility of the ECF for direct nerve stimulation in an in vivo rodent model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21227581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T20:46:47Z","timestamp":1637009207000},"page":"7581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Development and Characterization of Novel Conductive Sensing Fibers for In Vivo Nerve Stimulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Bertram","family":"Richter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"System Department of Neurosurgery, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Mace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"System Department of Neurosurgery, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA"},{"name":"Computational Diagnostics, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Hays","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Santosh","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0973-3222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huy","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Sclabassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"System Department of Neurosurgery, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA"},{"name":"Computational Diagnostics, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benedict","family":"Kolber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saigopalakrishna","family":"Yerneni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15217, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phil","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15217, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boyle","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"System Department of Neurosurgery, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nestor","family":"Tomycz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"System Department of Neurosurgery, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald","family":"Whiting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"System Department of Neurosurgery, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4169-9941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trung","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toby","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saadyah","family":"Averick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"System Department of Neurosurgery, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"CD009419","article-title":"Neuromuscular electrical stimulation for muscle weakness in adults with advanced disease","volume":"10","author":"Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. 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