{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T20:23:53Z","timestamp":1777148633615,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007446","name":"King Khalid University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGP.2\/53\/42"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP.2\/53\/42"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007446","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate and early detection of machine faults is an important step in the preventive maintenance of industrial enterprises. It is essential to avoid unexpected downtime as well as to ensure the reliability of equipment and safety of humans. In the case of rotating machines, significant information about machine\u2019s health and condition is present in the spectrum of its vibration signal. This work proposes a fault detection system of rotating machines using vibration signal analysis. First, a dataset of 3-dimensional vibration signals is acquired from large induction motors representing healthy and faulty states. The signal conditioning is performed using empirical mode decomposition technique. Next, multi-domain feature extraction is done to obtain various combinations of most discriminant temporal and spectral features from the denoised signals. Finally, the classification step is performed with various kernel settings of multiple classifiers including support vector machines, K-nearest neighbors, decision tree and linear discriminant analysis. The classification results demonstrate that a hybrid combination of time and spectral features, classified using support vector machines with Gaussian kernel achieves the best performance with 98.2% accuracy, 96.6% sensitivity, 100% specificity and 1.8% error rate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21227587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T20:46:47Z","timestamp":1637009207000},"page":"7587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["An Expert System for Rotating Machine Fault Detection Using Vibration Signal Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Ayaz","family":"Kafeel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eco Pack Ltd. 112, Hattar Industrial State, Haripur 7040, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4372-0772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumair","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila 47040, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3791-4140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Awais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad Wah Campus, Wah 47080, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6347-4890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Attique","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of CS, HITEC University Taxila, Taxila 47040, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Kamran","family":"Afaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, HITEC University Taxila, Taxila 47040, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Sahar Ahmed","family":"Idris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Industrial Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9942-8642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hammam","family":"Alshazly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computers and Information, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9234-5898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samih M.","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computers and Information, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mallak, A., and Fathi, M. 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Machines, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/machines5040021"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/22\/7587\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:30:38Z","timestamp":1760167838000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/22\/7587"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s21227587"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21227587","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]}}}