{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T13:45:03Z","timestamp":1782827103090,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004515","name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DIP-2019-014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DIP-2019-014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004515","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As nuclear technology evolves, and continues to be used in various fields since its discovery less than a century ago, radiation safety has become a major concern to humans and the environment. Radiation monitoring plays a significant role in preventive radiological nuclear detection in nuclear facilities, hospitals, or in any activities associated with radioactive materials by acting as a tool to measure the risk of being exposed to radiation while reaping its benefit. Apart from in occupational settings, radiation monitoring is required in emergency responses to radiation incidents as well as outdoor radiation zones. Several radiation sensors have been developed, ranging from as simple as a Geiger-Muller counter to bulkier radiation systems such as the High Purity Germanium detector, with different functionality for use in different settings, but the inability to provide real-time data makes radiation monitoring activities less effective. The deployment of manned vehicles equipped with these radiation sensors reduces the scope of radiation monitoring operations significantly, but the safety of radiation monitoring operators is still compromised. Recently, the Internet of Things (IoT) technology has been introduced to the world and offered solutions to these limitations. This review elucidates a systematic understanding of the fundamental usage of the Internet of Drones for radiation monitoring purposes. The extension of essential functional blocks in IoT can be expanded across radiation monitoring industries, presenting several emerging research opportunities and challenges. This article offers a comprehensive review of the evolutionary application of IoT technology in nuclear and radiation monitoring. Finally, the security of the nuclear industry is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21227629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T09:16:11Z","timestamp":1637140571000},"page":"7629","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Ionizing Radiation Monitoring Technology at the Verge of Internet of Things"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Ikmal","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Science Programme, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd Hafizi","family":"Ab. Rahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Support Division, Atomic Energy Licensing Board (AELB), Jalan Dengkil, Batu 24, Dengkil 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9254-2023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosdiadee","family":"Nordin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic & Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faizal","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Science Programme, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8514-1459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asma\u2019","family":"Abu-Samah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic & Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6593-5603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nor Fadzilah","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic & Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e54","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2011.0638","article-title":"Hans Geiger\u2014German Physicist and the Geiger Counter","volume":"86","author":"Shampo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"IRCP (2008). 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Ann. ICRP, 37, 2\u20134."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P11014","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/12\/11\/P11014","article-title":"First demonstration of aerial gamma-ray imaging using drone for prompt radiation survey in Fukushima","volume":"12","author":"Mochizuki","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"El Baradei, M. (2005, January 16\u201318). Nuclear terrorism: Identifying and combating the risks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Security: Global Directions for the Future, London, UK."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2008.10.008","article-title":"Radiation surveillance using an unmanned aerial vehicle","volume":"67","author":"Toivonen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isot."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvrad.2004.10.009","article-title":"Design of a radiation surveillance unit for an unmanned aerial vehicle","volume":"81","author":"Kurvinen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Environ. Radioact."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"714","article-title":"Performance analysis of wireless sensor networks for nuclear medicine applications","volume":"13","author":"Gomaa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.2307\/3105602","article-title":"The Evolution of the Cruise Missile","volume":"28","author":"Sahm","year":"1987","journal-title":"Technol. Cult."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zulkifley, M., Behjati, M., Nordin, R., and Zakaria, M. (2021). Mobile Network Performance and Technical Feasibility of LTE-Powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21082848"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zw\u0119gli\u0144ski, T. (2020). The Use of Drones in Disaster Aerial Needs Reconnaissance and Damage Assessment\u2014Three-Dimensional Modeling and Orthophoto Map Study. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12156080"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behjati, M., Noh, A.M., Alobaidy, H., Zulkifley, M., Nordin, R., and Abdullah, N. (2021). LoRa Communications as an Enabler for Internet of Drones towards Large-Scale Livestock Monitoring in Rural Farms. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21155044"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22574","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22574","article-title":"Precision wildlife monitoring using unmanned aerial vehicles","volume":"6","author":"Hodgson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mattar, R.A., and Kalai, R. (2018). Development of a Wall-Sticking Drone for Non-Destructive Ultrasonic and Corrosion Testing. Drones, 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/drones2010008"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.7906\/indecs.17.3.4","article-title":"Drone Systems for Factory Security and Surveillance","volume":"17","author":"Hell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Descr. Complex Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirsch, M., Lorenz, S., Zimmermann, R., Tusa, L., M\u00f6ckel, R., H\u00f6dl, P., Booysen, R., Khodadadzadeh, M., and Gloaguen, R. (2018). Integration of Terrestrial and Drone-Borne Hyperspectral and Photogrammetric Sensing Methods for Exploration Mapping and Mining Monitoring. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10091366"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21967","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000021967","article-title":"Drone for medical products transportation in maternal healthcare: A systematic review and framework for future research","volume":"99","author":"Zailani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2020-209567","article-title":"Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Study (PICOS) design as a framework to formulate eligibility criteria in systematic reviews","volume":"37","author":"Janati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Mukhopadhyay, S.C., and Mason, A. (2013). Smart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation, School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Massey."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2020.108981","article-title":"Advanced glow curve analysis of fabricated fibres for various sources of ionizing radiation","volume":"178","author":"Kandan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2019.108407","article-title":"Effect of gamma irradiation on magnetic gadolinium oxide nanoparticles coated with chitosan (GdNPs-Cs) as contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"165","author":"Jamil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Mettler, F.A., and Guiberteau, M.J. (2012). Essentials of Nuclear Medicine Imaging: Expert Consult-Online and Print, Elsevier Health Sciences."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"2607","article-title":"Comparison of sensitivity of Geiger Muller counter and ionization chamber based survey meters","volume":"53","author":"Kaur","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Knoll, G.F. (2010). Radiation Detection and Measurement, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1143\/JPSJ.28.1251","article-title":"Scintillation Pulse Shapes of Anthracene Single Crystals in Nanosecond Region. II. Difference between Scintillation and Fluorescence Pulses","volume":"28","author":"Owaki","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Phys. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/00223131.2008.10875814","article-title":"Tritium Monitor Based on Gas-flow Proportional Counter","volume":"45","author":"Tuo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-4487(00)00160-8","article-title":"Proportional counter as neutron detector","volume":"33","author":"Braby","year":"2001","journal-title":"Radiat. Meas."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P09018","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/14\/09\/P09018","article-title":"Directional Geiger-M\u00fcller detector with improved response to gamma radiation","volume":"14","author":"Habrman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2020.164178","article-title":"Characterization of stilbene\u2019s scintillation anisotropy for recoil protons between 0.56 and 10 MeV","volume":"977","author":"Weldon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. Accel. Spectrometers Detect. Assoc. Equip."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"335","article-title":"Validation of a NaI (Tl) and LaBr3 (Ce) detector\u2019s models via measurements and Monte Carlo simulations","volume":"11","author":"Mouhti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"186798","article-title":"Detection efficiency of NaI (Tl) detector in 511\u20131332 keV energy range","volume":"2014","author":"Akkurt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Nucl. Install."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31238","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31238","article-title":"ZnO Luminescence and scintillation studied via photoexcitation, X-ray excitation and gamma-induced positron spectroscopy","volume":"6","author":"Ji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakayama, K., and Nakamura, T. (2013). X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Geochemistry. Treatise on Geochemistry, Elsevier BV.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-095975-7.01413-3"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C05057","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/15\/05\/C05057","article-title":"New trends in silicon detector technology","volume":"15","author":"Casse","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03178770","article-title":"Review of Ge detectors for gamma spectroscopy","volume":"25","author":"Alexiev","year":"2002","journal-title":"Australas. Phys. Eng. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"017114","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4862671","article-title":"Polycrystalline CVD diamond detector: Fast response and high sensitivity with large area","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIP Adv."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cherry, S.R., Sorenson, J.A., and Phelps, M.E. (2012). Physics in Nuclear Medicine e-Book, Elsevier Health Sciences.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-5198-5.00001-0"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2006.875155","article-title":"High-resolution alpha-particle spectrometry using 4H silicon carbide semiconductor detectors","volume":"53","author":"Ruddy","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Suslick, K.S. (2001). Encyclopedia of physical science and technology. Sonoluminescence and Sonochemistry Massachusetts, Elsevier Science Ltd."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s12194-016-0384-z","article-title":"Evaluation of basic characteristics of a semiconductor detector for personal radiation dose monitoring","volume":"10","author":"Terasaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiol. Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Marshall, C.P., and Fairbridge, R.W. (1999). Encyclopedia of Geochemistry, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.115821","article-title":"A review on natural background radiation","volume":"2","author":"Setayandeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"63","article-title":"Background radiation, people and the environment","volume":"9","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"404","article-title":"Assessment of background radiation levels in the southeast of Iran","volume":"34","author":"Haghparast","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. J. Islam. Repub. Iran"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"NCRP (1992). Limitation of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation, National Council on Radiation (NCRP). NCRP Report No. 116."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2021, October 11). Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984, Available online: https:\/\/www.aelb.gov.my\/malay\/dokumen\/perundangan\/RADIATION%20PROTECTION%20LICENSING%20REGULATIONS%201986.pdf."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110S","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539517693082","article-title":"Using and explaining individual dosimetry data: Case study of four municipalities in Fukushima","volume":"29","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncw185","article-title":"External and Internal Exposure to Fukushima Residents","volume":"171","author":"Kamiya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosim."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"31","article-title":"Deterministic and Stochastic Effects of Radiation","volume":"12","author":"Choudhary","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Ther. Oncol. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-6203.181634","article-title":"On the scenario of passive dosimeters in personnel monitoring: Relevance to diagnostic radiology and fluoroscopy-based interventional cardiology","volume":"41","author":"Pradhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med Phys."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2013.04.031","article-title":"Preparation methods of thermoluminescent materials for dosimetric applications: An overview","volume":"83","author":"Azorin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isot."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncv446","article-title":"Integrated Circuits from Mobile Phones as Possible Emergency Osl\/Tl Dosimeters","volume":"170","author":"Sholom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosim."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(2021, October 11). UltraRadiacTM Plus. Available online: https:\/\/mirion.s3.amazonaws.com\/cms4_mirion\/files\/pdf\/spec-sheets\/c0556_urad_spec_sheet.pdf?1562600527."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2021, October 11). Canary IV Dosimeter, Model 4084. Available online: https:\/\/www.fwt.com\/hpi\/hpi_4084ds.htm."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2021, October 11). RadEye\u2122 PRD\/PRD-ER Personal Radiation Detector. Available online: https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/order\/catalog\/product\/4250671#\/4250671."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Goldhagen, P. (2012). Private Correspondence."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2021, October 11). Electronic Personal Dosimeter Dose-i. Available online: https:\/\/www.fujielectric.com\/products\/radiation\/personal\/dosei.html."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2021, October 11). X-Ray and Gamma Radiation Personal Dosimeter PM1621MA. Available online: https:\/\/en.polimaster.com\/catalog\/personal-dosimeters\/x-ray-and-gamma-radiation-personal-dosimeter-pm1621ma\/#tab-2."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"(2021, October 11). Personal Combined Radiation Detector\/Dosimeter PM1703MO-1BT. Available online: https:\/\/en.polimaster.com\/catalog\/prd-gamma\/personal-combined-radiation-detector-dosimeter-pm1703mo-1-bt\/#tab-2."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"(2021, October 11). PM1704 Series. Available online: https:\/\/www.cbrnetechindex.com\/Print\/6331\/polimaster-inc\/pm1704-series."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2021, October 11). GammaRAE II R. Available online: https:\/\/safety.honeywell.com\/content\/dam\/his-sandbox\/products\/gas-and-flame-detection\/documents\/Manual_GammaRAE-II-R_047-4505-000_RevD.pdf."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(2021, October 11). RadPavise Personal Radiation Detector. Available online: https:\/\/www.x-zlab.com\/product\/radpavise-personal-radiation-detector\/."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"(2021, October 11). DIS-1 Dosimeter. Available online: https:\/\/dosimetry.web.cern.ch\/sites\/dosimetry.web.cern.ch\/files\/download\/DIS-1_UserManual.pdf."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"(2021, October 11). DMC 3000TM Personal Electronic Dosimeter. Available online: https:\/\/mirion.s3.amazonaws.com\/cms4_mirion\/files\/pdf\/spec-sheets\/151199en-j_dmc_3000.pdf?1607366119."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"National Research Council (1999). Evaluation of Guidelines for Exposures to Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials, National Academy Press."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"141","article-title":"Environmental consequences of the Chernobyl accident and their remediation: 20 years of experience","volume":"47","author":"Anspaugh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chernobyl"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"31017141","article-title":"Early warning environmental radiation monitoring system","volume":"31","author":"Assafiri","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullo, S.L., and Sinha, G.R. (2020). Advances in Smart Environment Monitoring Systems Using IoT and Sensors. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20113113"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvrad.2009.04.005","article-title":"Challenges in radioecology","volume":"100","author":"Brit","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Environ. Radioact."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-018-5903-4","article-title":"Independent environmental monitoring and public dose assessment around the Canadian Nuclear Power Plants","volume":"317","author":"Hamlat","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62742","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.18409","article-title":"Improving radiotherapy in cancer treatment: Promises and challenges","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.4103\/1450-1147.138576","article-title":"Radioactive Body Burden Measurements in 131Iodine Therapy for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: Effect of Recombinant Thyroid Stimulating Hormone in Whole Body 131Iodine Clearance","volume":"13","author":"Ravichandran","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/0146645320952659","article-title":"ICRP Publication 146: Radiological Protection of People and the Environment in the Event of a Large Nuclear Accident","volume":"49","author":"Kai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. ICRP"},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"(2021, October 11). Nuclear Power in the World Today. Available online: https:\/\/www.world-nuclear.org\/information-library\/current-and-future-generation\/nuclear-power-in-the-world-today.aspx."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"(2021, October 11). Regulation 8 Atomic Energy Licensing (Basic Safety Radiation Protection) Regulations 2010, Available online: https:\/\/radia.moh.gov.my\/project\/new\/radia\/FileTransfer\/downloads\/files\/10BSS-2010_BI.pdf."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"(2021, October 11). Iaea Safety Standards Series No. NS-G-1.13. Available online: https:\/\/www-pub.iaea.org\/MTCD\/Publications\/PDF\/Pub1233_web.pdf."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"(2021, October 11). Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). Available online: https:\/\/www.un.org\/disarmament\/wmd\/nuclear\/npt\/text."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Pellens, V. (2010, January 22\u201326). Transport of NORM in the port of Antwerp: From megaports to a special purpose measurement methodology. Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material, Marrakech, Morocco."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2010.08.021","article-title":"Neutron detection alternatives to 3He for national security applications","volume":"623","author":"Kouzes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. Accel. Spectrometers Detect. Assoc. Equip."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2008.01.065","article-title":"The Use of Artificial Neural Networks in PVT-Based Radiation Portal Monitors","volume":"587","author":"Kangas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2005.05.056","article-title":"Comparison of PVT and NaI(Tl) Scintillators for Vehicle Portal Monitor Applications","volume":"550","author":"Siciliano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"(2021, October 11). Number of Operable Nuclear Reactors Worldwide as of May 2021, by Country. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/267158\/number-of-nuclear-reactors-in-operation-by-country\/."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2012.05.001","article-title":"Improving evaluation criteria for monitoring networks of weak radioactive plumes after nuclear emergencies","volume":"38","author":"Urso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1504\/IJEP.2014.065913","article-title":"Evaluation of detection abilities of monitoring networks using multiple assessment criteria","volume":"55","author":"Hofman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1177\/0096340212440359","article-title":"Fukushima in review: A complex disaster, a disastrous response","volume":"68","author":"Funabashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. At. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvrad.2018.05.017","article-title":"Radon and lung cancer: What does the public really know?","volume":"192","author":"Schwartz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Radioact."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"(2021, October 11). Health Risk of Radon, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/radon\/health-risk-radon#who."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"1","article-title":"Wireless sensor networks: Introduction, advantages, applications and research challenges","volume":"14","author":"Tiwari","year":"2015","journal-title":"HCTL Open Int. J. Technol. Innov. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Lin, R., Wang, Z., and Sun, Y. (2004, January 15\u201319). Wireless sensor networks solutions for real time monitoring of nuclear power plant. Proceedings of the Fifth World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation (IEEE Cat. No. 04EX788), Hangzhou, China."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rayes, A., and Salam, S. (2017). Internet of Things from Hype to Reality, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-44860-2"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"1","article-title":"Internet of things in smart environment: Concept, applications, challenges, and future directions","volume":"134","author":"Elmustafa","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Sci. News"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2004.103","article-title":"Radiation detection with distributed sensor networks","volume":"37","author":"Brennan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"104","article-title":"RadMote: A mobile framework for radiation monitoring in nuclear power plants","volume":"1","author":"Diaz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Electron. Circuit. Syst."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebenezer, J., and Murty, S.S. (2016, January 16\u201319). Deployment of Wireless Sensor Network for radiation monitoring. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Computing and Network Communications, Trivandrum, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/CoCoNet.2015.7411163"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-014-1565-x","article-title":"Development of an intelligent disaster information-integrated platform for radiation monitoring","volume":"76","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/MIM.2020.9289067","article-title":"Exploiting IoT-Oriented Technologies for Measurement Networks of Environmental Radiation","volume":"23","author":"Moriello","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Instrum. Meas. Mag."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muniraj, M., Qureshi, A.R., Vijayakumar, D., Viswanathan, A.R., and Bharathi, N. (2017, January 13\u201316). Geo tagged internet of things (IoT) device for radiation monitoring. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics, Udupi, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCI.2017.8125878"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"060004","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5043016","article-title":"Development of IoT based meteorological and environmental gamma radiation monitoring system","volume":"1977","author":"Susila","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanco-Novoa, O., Fern\u00e1ndez-Caram\u00e9s, T.M., Fraga-Lamas, P., and Castedo, L. (2018). A Cost-Effective IoT System for Monitoring Indoor Radon Gas Concentration. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072198"},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"3457","article-title":"IoT-based Environmental and Ionizing Radiation Monitoring System","volume":"8","author":"Tambasafidy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Res. Sci. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashwini, S.R., Harish, B.R., Karthik, R., and Bafna, K.D. (2018, January 18\u201319). Wireless Sensors Network for environmental radiation monitoring using IOT. Proceedings of the 2018 3rd IEEE International Conference on Recent Trends in Electronics, Information & Communication Technology, Bangalore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/RTEICT42901.2018.9012324"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahatab, T.A., Muradi, M.H., Ahmed, S., and Kafi, A. (2018, January 27\u201328). Design and analysis of IoT based ionizing radiation monitoring system. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Innovations in Science, Engineering and Technology, Chittagong, Bangladesh.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICISET.2018.8745563"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012050","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1428\/1\/012050","article-title":"Design of IoT-based Radiation Monitor Area for Nuclear and Radiological Emergency Preparedness System in Yogyakarta Nuclear Area","volume":"1428","author":"Abimanyu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16168","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2894956","article-title":"Data-Driven Dynamic Active Node Selection for Event Localization in IoT Applications\u2014A Case Study of Radiation Localization","volume":"7","author":"Alagha","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goyal, J., and Khandelwal, A. (2020, January 9\u201311). Long range nuclear radiation monitoring system using LPWAN technology. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/SAS48726.2020.9220072"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2021.3089776","article-title":"An IoT LoRaWAN Network for Environmental Radiation Monitoring","volume":"70","author":"Manzano","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"(2021, October 11). New Drone Technology for Radiological Monitoring in Emergency Situations. Available online: https:\/\/www.iaea.org\/newscenter\/news\/now-available-new-drone-technology-for-radiological-monitoring-in-emergency-situations."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvrad.2019.04.002","article-title":"Optimizing UAV-based radiation sensor systems for aerial surveys","volume":"204","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Radioact."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvrad.2014.05.008","article-title":"Lightweight aerial vehicles for monitoring, assessment and mapping of radiation anomalies","volume":"136","author":"MacFarlane","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Radioact."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, P.G., Moore, J., Fardoulis, J.S., Payton, O.D., and Scott, T.B. (2016). Radiological Assessment on Interest Areas on the Sellafield Nuclear Site via Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8110913"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, C., Carter, B., Srivastava, M., Tsung, J., Vahedi-Faridi, J., and Wiley, C. (2016, January 29). Designing a radiation sensing UAV system. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Systems and Information Engineering Design Symposium (SIEDS), Charlottesville, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SIEDS.2016.7489292"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1080\/00223131.2017.1383211","article-title":"Remote radiation imaging system using a compact gamma-ray imager mounted on a multicopter drone","volume":"55","author":"Sato","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1080\/00223131.2020.1720845","article-title":"Remote detection of radioactive hotspot using a Compton camera mounted on a moving multi-copter drone above a contaminated area in Fukushima","volume":"57","author":"Sato","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baeza, J., Valencia, D., and Baeza, A. (2018, January 22\u201327). Use of drones for remote management of the close measure of radioactivity sources. Proceedings of the IGARSS 2018\u20142018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2018.8518180"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2019.04.037","article-title":"Locating lost radioactive sources using a UAV radiation monitoring system","volume":"150","author":"Gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isot."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aleotti, J., Micconi, G., Caselli, S., Benassi, G., Zambelli, N., Bettelli, M., and Zappettini, A. (2017). Detection of Nuclear Sources by UAV Teleoperation Using a Visuo-Haptic Augmented Reality Interface. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102234"},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"Yadav, I. (2018). Visual-Inertial Target Tracking and Motion Planning for UAV-based Radiation Detection. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvrad.2017.11.033","article-title":"Mapping of radiation anomalies using UAV mini-airborne gamma-ray spectrometry","volume":"182","author":"Matolin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Radioact."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2018.11.068","article-title":"In-flight performance of the Advanced Radiation Detector for UAV Operations (ARDUO)","volume":"954","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Accel. Spectrometers Detect. Assoc. Equip."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2020.109359","article-title":"Design and assembly of an IoT-based device to determine the absorbed dose of gamma and UV radiation","volume":"166","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isot."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molnar, A., Stojcsics, D., Lovas, I., and Domozi, Z. (2018, January 21\u201322). Gamma radiation distribution map creation using a small-sized drone. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 18th International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Informatics (CINTI), Budapest, Hungary.","DOI":"10.1109\/CINTI.2018.8928202"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morita, T., Oyama, K., Mikoshi, T., and Nishizono, T. (2018, January 23\u201327). Decision making support of UAV path planning for efficient sensing in radiation dose mapping. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 42nd Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC), Tokyo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/COMPSAC.2018.00053"},{"key":"ref_122","unstructured":"Abbaraju, P., and Voyles, R. (2018, January 18\u201322). Sensing and sampling of trace contaminations by a dexterous hexrotor UAV at nuclear facilities-18600. Proceedings of the WM2018 Symposium Conference, Phoenix, AZ, USA."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2020.06.015","article-title":"Detection of radioactive waste sites in the Chornobyl exclusion zone using UAV-based lidar data and multi-spectral imagery","volume":"167","author":"Briechle","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"163","article-title":"Uav-Based Detection of Unknown Radioactive Biomass Deposits in Chernobyl\u2019s Exclusion Zone","volume":"XLII-2","author":"Briechle","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote. Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fesenko, H., and Kliushnikov, I. (2020). NPP Monitoring Missions via a Multi-Fleet of Drones: Reliability Issues. Cyber Security and Safety of Nuclear Power Plant Instrumentation and Control System, IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-7998-3277-5.ch017"},{"key":"ref_126","unstructured":"Torianyk, V., Kharchenko, V., and Zemlianko, H. (2021, January 24\u201326). IMECA based assessment of internet of drones systems cyber security considering radio frequency vulnerabilities. Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Intelligent Information Technologies and Systems of Information Security, Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine."},{"key":"ref_127","unstructured":"Yao, J. (2021). Intelligent and Secure Fog-Aided Internet of Drones. [Ph.D. Thesis, New Jersey Institute of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9002(00)00876-7","article-title":"A CdZnTe coplanar-grid detector array for environmental remediation","volume":"458","author":"Luke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. Accel. Spectrometers Detect. Assoc. Equip."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.5897\/SRE11.1717","article-title":"Efficiency and resolution of HPGe and NaI (Tl) detectors using gamma-ray spectroscopy","volume":"7","author":"Hossain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Res. Essays"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2368139","article-title":"Range-Finding Sensor Degradation in Gamma Radiation Environments","volume":"15","author":"Diggins","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.21867","article-title":"Experiments in unmanned aerial vehicle\/unmanned ground vehicle radiation search","volume":"36","author":"Peterson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Field Robot."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagatani, K., Kiribayashi, S., Okada, Y., Otake, K., Yoshida, K., Tadokoro, S., Nishimura, T., Yoshida, T., Koyanagi, E., and Fukushima, M. (2011, January 1\u20135). Gamma-ray irradiation test of electric components of rescue mobile robot Quince. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Symposium on Safety, Security, and Rescue Robotics, Kyoto, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/SSRR.2011.6106756"},{"key":"ref_133","unstructured":"(2021, October 11). FPV Frame Materials. Available online: https:\/\/www.getfpv.com\/learn\/fpv-essentials\/fpv-frame-materials\/."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swider-Lyons, K., Stroman, R., Page, G., Schuette, M., Mackrell, J., and Rodgers, J. (2011). Hydrogen fule cell propulsion for long endurance small UVAs. AIAA Centennial of Naval Aviation Forum \"100 Years of Achievement and Progress\", American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2011-6975"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2820717","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2820717","article-title":"Development of Design Methodology for a Small Solar-Powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle","volume":"2018","author":"Rajendran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Aerosp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102668","article-title":"Energy consumption models for delivery drones: A comparison and assessment","volume":"90","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D: Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koub\u00e2a, A., Ammar, A., Alahdab, M., Kanhouch, A., and Azar, A.T. (2020). DeepBrain: Experimental Evaluation of Cloud-Based Computation Offloading and Edge Computing in the Internet-of-Drones for Deep Learning Applications. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185240"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, T., Katila, R., and Nguyen, T. (2021). A Novel Internet-of-Drones and Blockchain-based System Architecture for Search and Rescue. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1109\/MASS52906.2021.00044"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.011.2000222","article-title":"Blockchain-Based Task Offloading in Drone-Aided Mobile Edge Computing","volume":"35","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_140","unstructured":"(2021, October 11). Belgium Scientists Develops Drones for Radiation Monitoring. Available online: https:\/\/www.neimagazine.com\/news\/newsbelgian-scientists-develop-drones-for-radiation-monitoring-8757417."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marturano, F., Ciparisse, J.-F., Chierici, A., D\u2019Errico, F., Di Giovanni, D., Fumian, F., Rossi, R., Martellucci, L., Gaudio, P., and Malizia, A. (2020). Enhancing Radiation Detection by Drones through Numerical Fluid Dynamics Simulations. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20061770"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.net.2016.12.015","article-title":"Big Data Analysis of Public Acceptance of Nuclear Power in Korea","volume":"49","author":"Roh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucl. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32979","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2842685","article-title":"A Review on the Use of Blockchain for the Internet of Things","volume":"6","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2020.100218","article-title":"Security analysis of drones systems: Attacks, limitations, and recommendations","volume":"11","author":"Yaacoub","year":"2020","journal-title":"Internet Things"},{"key":"ref_145","unstructured":"(2021, October 11). Drone \u2018Containing Radiation\u2019 Lands on Roof of Japanese PM\u2019s Office. Available online: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2015\/apr\/22\/drone-with-radiation-sign-lands-on-roof-of-japanese-prime-ministers-office."},{"key":"ref_146","unstructured":"Shear, M.D., and Schmidt, M.S. (2021, October 11). White House Drone Crash Described as a U.S. Worker\u2019s Drunken Lark, The New York Times, Available online: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/01\/28\/us\/white-house-drone.html."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"St\u00f6cker, C., Bennett, R., Nex, F., Gerke, M., and Zevenbergen, J. (2017). Review of the Current State of UAV Regulations. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9050459"},{"key":"ref_148","unstructured":"(2021, October 11). Malaysia UAS Regulations. Available online: https:\/\/www.droneregulations.info\/Malaysia\/MY.html#country-search."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/22\/7629\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:31:27Z","timestamp":1760167887000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/22\/7629"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]},"references-count":148,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s21227629"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21227629","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]}}}