{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T18:29:05Z","timestamp":1775068145575,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the last decade, the research on Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) has improved exponentially in real-life scenarios to provide optimized transport network performance. It is a matter of importance that alert messages are delivered promptly to prevent vehicular traffic problems. The fact is an ITS system per se could be a part of a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) which is an extension of a wireless network. In all sorts of wireless ad hoc networks, the network topology is subjected to change due to the mobility of network nodes; therefore, an existing explored route between two nodes could be demolished in a minor fraction of time. When it comes to the VANETs, the topology likely changes due to the high velocity of nodes. On the other hand, time is a crucial factor playing an important role in message handling between the network\u2019s nodes. In this paper, we propose Time delay-based Multipath Routing (TMR) protocol that effectively identifies an optimized path for packet delivery to the destination vehicle with a minimal time delay. Our algorithm gives a higher priority to alert messages compared to normal messages. It also selects the routes with the short round-trip time (RTT) within the RTT threshold. As a result, our algorithm would realize two goals. Firstly, it would speed up the data transmission rate and deliver data packets, particularly warning messages, to the destination vehicle promptly and therefore avoid vehicular problems such as car accidents. Secondly, the TMR algorithm reduces the data traffic load, particularly of the normal messages, to alleviate the pressure on the network and therefore avoids network congestion and data collisions. This, in turn, lessens the packets\u2019 retransmissions. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed protocol, the TMR has been compared with the other protocols such as AOMDV, FF-AOMDV, EGSR, QMR, and ISR. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed protocol proves its excellent performance compared to other protocols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21227706","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T08:29:17Z","timestamp":1637310557000},"page":"7706","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Intelligent Transport System Using Time Delay-Based Multipath Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7034-3469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yashar","family":"Ghaemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8202-7762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hosam","family":"El-Ocla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nitin Ramesh","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manisha Reddy","family":"Madana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dheeraj Kurugod","family":"Raju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vignesh","family":"Dhanabal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vishal","family":"Sheshadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2018.2818888","article-title":"A survey on recent advances in vehicular network security, trust, and privacy","volume":"20","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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