{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:37:56Z","timestamp":1767339476065,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012825","name":"International Visegrad Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21920298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21920298"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reliable tools for artefact rejection and signal classification are a must for cosmic ray detection experiments based on CMOS technology. In this paper, we analyse the fitness of several feature-based statistical classifiers for the classification of particle candidate hits in four categories: spots, tracks, worms and artefacts. We use Zernike moments of the image function as feature carriers and propose a preprocessing and denoising scheme to make the feature extraction more efficient. As opposed to convolution neural network classifiers, the feature-based classifiers allow for establishing a connection between features and geometrical properties of candidate hits. Apart from basic classifiers we also consider their ensemble extensions and find these extensions generally better performing than basic versions, with an average recognition accuracy of 88%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21227718","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T21:00:50Z","timestamp":1637528450000},"page":"7718","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Zernike Moment Based Classification of Cosmic Ray Candidate Hits from CMOS Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0581-5423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olaf","family":"Bar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computer Science, Pedagogical University of Krakow, 30-084 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6117-4894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Bibrzycki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computer Science, Pedagogical University of Krakow, 30-084 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2830-9133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Nied\u017awiecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3699-9955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Piekarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computer Science, Pedagogical University of Krakow, 30-084 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6834-2344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Rzecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7059-7971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"So\u015bnicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5490-0835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"Stuglik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5264-4508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Frontczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computer Science, Pedagogical University of Krakow, 30-084 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1956-9948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Homola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1874-8116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David E.","family":"Alvarez-Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1614-4124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NSCIR, Thornbury, ON N0H2P0, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5845-5487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arman","family":"Tursunov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, Silesian University in Opava, Bezru\u010dovo n\u00e1m 13, 74601 Opava, Czech Republic"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bieber, J.W., Eroshenko, E., Evenson, P., Fl\u00fcckiger, E.O., and Kallenbach, R. 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