{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T15:13:54Z","timestamp":1771082034529,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Worldwide, motor vehicle accidents are one of the leading causes of death, with alcohol-related accidents playing a significant role, particularly in child death. Aiming to aid in the prevention of this type of accidents, a novel non-invasive method capable of detecting the presence of alcohol inside a motor vehicle is presented. The proposed methodology uses a series of low-cost alcohol MQ3 sensors located inside the vehicle, whose signals are stored, standardized, time-adjusted, and transformed into 5 s window samples. Statistical features are extracted from each sample and a feature selection strategy is carried out using a genetic algorithm, and a forward selection and backwards elimination methodology. The four features derived from this process were used to construct an SVM classification model that detects presence of alcohol. The experiments yielded 7200 samples, 80% of which were used to train the model. The rest were used to evaluate the performance of the model, which obtained an area under the ROC curve of 0.98 and a sensitivity of 0.979. These results suggest that the proposed methodology can be used to detect the presence of alcohol and enforce prevention actions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21227752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T21:00:50Z","timestamp":1637528450000},"page":"7752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["In-Vehicle Alcohol Detection Using Low-Cost Sensors and Genetic Algorithms to Aid in the Drinking and Driving Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6847-3777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose M.","family":"Celaya-Padilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Acad\u00e9mica de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Zacatecas, Jard\u00edn Ju\u00e1rez 147, Centro, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico"},{"name":"C\u00e1tedras-CONACyT, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 03940, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Jonathan S.","family":"Romero-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Acad\u00e9mica de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Zacatecas, Jard\u00edn Ju\u00e1rez 147, Centro, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7635-4687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos E.","family":"Galvan-Tejada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Acad\u00e9mica de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Zacatecas, Jard\u00edn Ju\u00e1rez 147, Centro, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Jorge I.","family":"Galvan-Tejada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Acad\u00e9mica de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Zacatecas, Jard\u00edn Ju\u00e1rez 147, Centro, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5714-7482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huizilopoztli","family":"Luna-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Acad\u00e9mica de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Zacatecas, Jard\u00edn Ju\u00e1rez 147, Centro, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7240-8158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose G.","family":"Arceo-Olague","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Acad\u00e9mica de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Zacatecas, Jard\u00edn Ju\u00e1rez 147, Centro, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Nadia K.","family":"Gamboa-Rosales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Acad\u00e9mica de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Zacatecas, Jard\u00edn Ju\u00e1rez 147, Centro, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico"},{"name":"C\u00e1tedras-CONACyT, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 03940, Mexico"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Sifuentes-Gallardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Acad\u00e9mica de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Zacatecas, Jard\u00edn Ju\u00e1rez 147, Centro, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7637-4637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Martinez-Torteya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda y Tecnolog\u00edas, Universidad de Monterrey, San Pedro Garza Garc\u00eda 66238, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7337-8974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 I.","family":"De la Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Acad\u00e9mica de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Zacatecas, Jard\u00edn Ju\u00e1rez 147, Centro, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9498-6602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamurabi","family":"Gamboa-Rosales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Acad\u00e9mica de Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Zacatecas, Jard\u00edn Ju\u00e1rez 147, Centro, Zacatecas 98000, Mexico"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"77","article-title":"Child Passenger Deaths Involving Drinking Drivers-United States, 1997\u20132002","volume":"53","author":"Shults","year":"2004","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. 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