{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:33:33Z","timestamp":1760236413520,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]],"date-time":"2021-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Defense Innovation Fund of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["CXJJ-20S016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXJJ-20S016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multispectral imaging can be applied to water quality monitoring, medical diagnosis, and other applications, but the principle of multispectral imaging is different from the principle of hyper-spectral imaging. Multispectral imaging is generally achieved through filters, so multiple photos are required to obtain spectral information. Using multiple detectors to take pictures at the same time increases the complexity and cost of the system. This paper proposes a simple multispectral camera based on lensless imaging, which does not require multiple lenses. The core of the system is the multispectral coding aperture. The coding aperture is divided into different regions and each region transmits the light of one wavelength, such that the spectral information of the target can be coded. By solving the inverse problem of sparse constraints, the multispectral information of the target is inverted. Herein, we analyzed the characteristics of this multispectral camera and developed a principle prototype to obtain experimental results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21227757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T01:45:02Z","timestamp":1638323102000},"page":"7757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Lensless Multispectral Camera Based on a Coded Aperture Array"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8453-5544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1109\/79.974718","article-title":"Hyperspectral image data analysis","volume":"19","author":"Landgrebe","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2007.06.001","article-title":"Hyperspectral imaging\u2014An emerging process analytical tool for food quality and safety control","volume":"18","author":"Gowen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"3","article-title":"Spectral Imaging for remote sensing","volume":"14","author":"Shaw","year":"2003","journal-title":"Linc. Lab. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-4018(00)01131-7","article-title":"Spectral reflectance estimation from multi-band image using color chart","volume":"188","author":"Murakami","year":"2001","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kerekes, J.P. (2011, January 11\u201313). Hyperspectral remote sensing subpixel object detection performance. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Applied Imagery Pattern Recognition Workshop (AIPR), Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/AIPR.2011.6176366"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32141","DOI":"10.1029\/1998JD200032","article-title":"Discriminating clear sky from clouds with MODIS","volume":"103","author":"Ackerman","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Lemmon, M., Smith, P., Shinohara, C., Tanner, R., Woida, P., Shaw, A., Hughes, J., Reynolds, R., Woida, R., and Penegor, J. (2008, January 10\u201314). The Phoenix Surface Stereo Imager (SSI) Investigation. Proceedings of the Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIX, League City, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2018.09.008","article-title":"UAV-based multispectral remote sensing for precision agriculture: A comparison between different cameras","volume":"146","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.14257\/ijsh.2016.10.7.11","article-title":"Remote Monitoring of Heading Rice Growing and Nitrogen Content Based on UAV Images","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Smart Home"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Baghdadi, N., and Zribi, M. (2016). Applications of Multispectral Optical Satellite Imaging in Forestry. Land Surface Remote Sensing in Agriculture and Forest, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suneetha, M., Boggavarapu, L., Vaddi, R., Raja, A.R., Gopalakrishnan, R., and Jha, C.S. (2020, January 8\u201310). Object based Classification of Multispectral Remote Sensing Images for Forestry Applications. Proceedings of the 2020 3rd International Conference on Image and Graphics Processing, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1145\/3383812.3383824"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2017.11.026","article-title":"Use of multispectral satellite remote sensing to assess mixing of suspended sediment downstream of large river confluences","volume":"556","author":"Umar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160903475324","article-title":"Segmentation of multispectral high-resolution satellite imagery using log Gabor filters","volume":"31","author":"Xiao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"113","article-title":"Multispectral image processing for environmental monitoring","volume":"1819","author":"Carlotto","year":"1993","journal-title":"Appl. Opt. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"766811","article-title":"UAV-based environmental monitoring using multi-spectral imaging","volume":"Volume 7668","author":"Arnold","year":"2010","journal-title":"Airborne Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance (ISR) Systems and Applications VII, Proceedings of the SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing, Orlando, FL, USA, 5\u20139 February 2010"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmasry, G., Mandour, N., Al-Rejaie, S., Belin, E., and Rousseau, D. (2019). Recent Applications of Multispectral Imaging in Seed Phenotyping and Quality Monitoring\u2014An Overview. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051090"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C64","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.53.000C64","article-title":"Compact camera for multispectral and conventional imaging based on patterned filters","volume":"53","author":"Skauli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2532","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1503346","article-title":"Multispectral color image capture using a liquid crystal tunable filter","volume":"41","author":"Schmitt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"332","article-title":"Spectral imaging by a multichannel camera","volume":"3648","author":"Tominaga","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Electron. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F149","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.54.00F149","article-title":"Imaging with multi-spectral mosaic-array cameras","volume":"54","author":"Kanaev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14008","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.014008","article-title":"Heterogeneous camera array for multispectral light field imaging","volume":"25","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.17.000337","article-title":"Coded aperture imaging with uniformly redundant arrays","volume":"17","author":"Fenimore","year":"1978","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"023102","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.54.2.023102","article-title":"Lensless coded-aperture imaging with separable Doubly-Toeplitz masks","volume":"54","author":"DeWeert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.397214","article-title":"Spectral DiffuserCam: Lensless snapshot hyperspectral imaging with a spectral filter array","volume":"7","author":"Monakhova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asif, M.S., Ayremlou, A., Veeraraghavan, A., Baraniuk, R., and Sankaranarayanan, A. (2015, January 7\u201313). FlatCam: Replacing Lenses with Masks and Computation. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshop (ICCVW), Santiago, Chile.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2015.89"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.5.000001","article-title":"DiffuserCam: Lensless single-exposure 3D imaging","volume":"5","author":"Antipa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1701548","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1701548","article-title":"Single-frame 3D fluorescence microscopy with ultraminiature lensless FlatScope","volume":"3","author":"Adams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116101","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6633\/abaf43","article-title":"Punching holes in light: Recent progress in single-shot coded-aperture optical imaging","volume":"83","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rep. Prog. Phys. Soc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8005","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2019.2940666","article-title":"Snapshot Compressed Sensing: Performance Bounds and Algorithms","volume":"65","author":"Jalali","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2020.3023869","article-title":"Snapshot Compressive Imaging: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications","volume":"38","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwan, C., Gribben, D., Chou, B., Budavari, B., Larkin, J., Rangamani, A., Tran, T., Zhang, J., and Etienne-Cummings, R. (2020). Real-Time and Deep Learning Based Vehicle Detection and Classification Using Pixel-Wise Code Exposure Measurements. Electronics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9061014"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9013","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.009013","article-title":"Compact all-CMOS spatiotemporal compressive sensing video camera with pixel-wise coded exposure","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/22\/7757\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:33:48Z","timestamp":1760168028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/22\/7757"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s21227757"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21227757","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]}}}