{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:32:56Z","timestamp":1760236376167,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]],"date-time":"2021-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) under Collaborative Research Grant (CRG)","award":["Vot. No.05E21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Vot. No.05E21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based magnetorheological plastomer (MRP) possesses excellent magnetically dependent mechanical properties such as the magnetorheological effect (MR effect) when exposed to an external magnetic field. PVA-based MRP also shows a shear stiffening (ST) effect, which is very beneficial in fabricating pressure sensor. Thus, it can automatically respond to external stimuli such as shear force without the magnetic field. The dual properties of PVA-based MRP mainly on the ST and MR effect are rarely reported. Therefore, this work empirically investigates the dual properties of this smart material under the influence of different solvent compositions (20:80, 40:60, 60:40, and 80:20) by varying the ratios of binary solvent mixture (dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to water). Upon applying a shear stress with excitation frequencies from 0.01 to 10 Hz, the storage modulus (G\u2032) for PVA-based MRP with DMSO to water ratio of 20:40 increases from 6.62 \u00d7 10\u22125 to 0.035 MPa. This result demonstrates an excellent ST effect with the relative shear stiffening effect (RSTE) up to 52,827%. In addition, both the ST and MR effect show a downward trend with increasing DMSO content to water. Notably, the physical state of hydrogel MRP could be changed with different solvent ratios either in the liquid-like or solid-like state. On the other hand, a transient stepwise experiment showed that the solvent\u2019s composition had a positive effect on the arrangement of CIPs within the matrix as a function of the external magnetic field. Therefore, the solvent ratio (DMSO\/water) can influence both ST and MR effects of hydrogel MRP, which need to be emphasized in the fabrication of hydrogel MRP for appropriate applications primarily with soft sensors and actuators for dynamic motion control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21227758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T01:45:02Z","timestamp":1638323102000},"page":"7758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dual Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based Magnetorheological Plastomer with Different Ratio of DMSO\/Water"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2229-6239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norhiwani Mohd","family":"Hapipi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Materials and Structures (eMast) iKohza, Malaysian-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0096-8877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saiful Amri","family":"Mazlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Materials and Structures (eMast) iKohza, Malaysian-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7190-5849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ubaidillah","family":"Ubaidillah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A Kentingan Jebres, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4889-4512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siti Aishah","family":"Abdul Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Materials and Structures (eMast) iKohza, Malaysian-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6262-2815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung-Bok","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The State University of New York, Korea (SUNY Korea), 119 Songdo Moonhwa-Ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 21985, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City (IUH), 12 Nguyen Van Bao Street, Go Vap District, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nur Azmah","family":"Nordin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Materials and Structures (eMast) iKohza, Malaysian-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4757-9596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurhazimah","family":"Nazmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Materials and Structures (eMast) iKohza, Malaysian-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengbin","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Materials and Structures (eMast) iKohza, Malaysian-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6692-5637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahir","family":"Mohd Yusuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Materials and Structures (eMast) iKohza, Malaysian-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norhaniza, R., Mazlan, S.A., Ubaidillah, U., Sedlacik, M., Aziz, S.A.A., Nazmi, N., Homma, K., and Rambat, S. 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