{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T18:13:49Z","timestamp":1770747229354,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 109-2637-E-011-002-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2637-E-011-002-"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 110-2221-E-011-123-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 110-2221-E-011-123-"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-contact physiological measurements based on image sensors have developed rapidly in recent years. Among them, thermal cameras have the advantage of measuring temperature in the environment without light and have potential to develop physiological measurement applications. Various studies have used thermal camera to measure the physiological signals such as respiratory rate, heart rate, and body temperature. In this paper, we provided a general overview of the existing studies by examining the physiological signals of measurement, the used platforms, the thermal camera models and specifications, the use of camera fusion, the image and signal processing step (including the algorithms and tools used), and the performance evaluation. The advantages and challenges of thermal camera-based physiological measurement were also discussed. Several suggestions and prospects such as healthcare applications, machine learning, multi-parameter, and image fusion, have been proposed to improve the physiological measurement of thermal camera in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21237777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T01:45:02Z","timestamp":1638323102000},"page":"7777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Implementation of Thermal Camera for Non-Contact Physiological Measurement: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7437-0851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin Clinton Tosima","family":"Manullang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Informatics, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, South Lampung Regency 35365, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0630-7313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan-Hsiang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheng-Jie","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nai-Kuan","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"377","article-title":"Breast cancer diagnosis by thermal imaging in the fields of medical and artificial intelligence sciences: Review article","volume":"74","author":"Zadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tehran Univ. 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