{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:34:21Z","timestamp":1760236461161,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A multi-layered interference mitigation approach can significantly improve the performance of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers in the presence of jamming. In this work, three levels of defence are considered including: pre-correlation interference mitigation techniques, post-correlation measurement screening and FDE at the Position, Velocity, and Time (PVT) level. The performance and interaction of these receiver defences are analysed with specific focus on Robust Interference Mitigation (RIM), measurement screening through Lock Indicator (LIs) and Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM). The case of timing receivers with a known user position and using Galileo signals from different frequencies has been studied with Time-Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (T-RAIM) based on the Backward-Forward method. From the experimental analysis it emerges that RIM improves the quality of the measurements reducing the number of exclusions performed by T-RAIM. Effective measurements screening is also fundamental to obtain unbiased timing solutions: in this respect T-RAIM can provide the required level of reliability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21237787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T01:45:02Z","timestamp":1638323102000},"page":"7787","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Multi-Layer Defences for Robust GNSS Timing Retrieval"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6510-9240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ciro","family":"Gioia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"European Commission Joint Research Centre, Via Enrico Fermi, 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3573-5093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Borio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Commission Joint Research Centre, Via Enrico Fermi, 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, P., Tu, R., Gao, Y., Hong, J., Han, J., and Lu, X. 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