{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:33:33Z","timestamp":1760236413511,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]],"date-time":"2021-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper introduces a new solution to improve network performance by decreasing spectrum fragmentation, crosstalk interference, blocking of virtual networks, cost, and link load imbalance. These problems degrade the performance of Elastic Optical Networks with Space-Division Multiplexing. The proposed solution, called Cognitive control loop (CO-OP), is capable of identifying a set of problems and creating plans to mitigate these problems. The CO-OP comprises four functions that employ learning algorithms to identify problems and plan a series of actions to reduce or eliminate them. The results show that the CO-OP can effectively decrease up to 30% the blocking of requests and up to 50% the crosstalk occurrence compared to existing algorithms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21237821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T01:45:02Z","timestamp":1638323102000},"page":"7821","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cognitive Control-Loop for Elastic Optical Networks with Space-Division Multiplexing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5526-6733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvana","family":"Trindade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computing, State University of Campinas, Av. Albert Einstein 1251, Campinas 13083-852, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9772-263X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo da S.","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Farm Technology Group and Wageningen Data Competence Center, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of ICT and Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 6009 \u00c5lesund, Norway"}]},{"given":"Zuqing","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China"}]},{"given":"Nelson L. S. da","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computing, State University of Campinas, Av. Albert Einstein 1251, Campinas 13083-852, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2009.5307468","article-title":"Spectrum-efficient and scalable elastic optical path network: Architecture, benefits, and enabling technologies","volume":"47","author":"Jinno","year":"2009","journal-title":"Commun. Mag. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.5.000836","article-title":"Efficient resource allocation for all-optical multicasting over spectrum-sliced elastic optical networks","volume":"5","author":"Gong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Opt. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2012.2227683","article-title":"Dynamic service provisioning in elastic optical networks with hybrid single-\/multi-path routing","volume":"31","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A100","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.5.00A100","article-title":"Spectral and Spatial 2D Fragmentation-Aware Routing and Spectrum Assignment Algorithms in Elastic Optical Networks","volume":"5","author":"Yin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Opt. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2013.94","article-title":"Space-division multiplexing in optical fibres","volume":"7","author":"Richardson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2466458","article-title":"Survey and evaluation of space division multiplexing: From technologies to optical networks","volume":"17","author":"Saridis","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2738","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2586999","article-title":"Software defined optical networks (SDONs): A comprehensive survey","volume":"18","author":"Thyagaturu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7659","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2698724","article-title":"SR-PVX: A source routing based network virtualization hypervisor to enable POF-FIS programmability in vSDNs","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez, E., Alkmim, G., Batista, D.M., and da Fonseca, N.L. (2012, January 7\u20139). Trade-off between bandwidth and energy consumption minimization in virtual network mapping. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Latin-America Conference on Communications, Cuenca, Ecuador.","DOI":"10.1109\/LATINCOM.2012.6506002"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Han, Y., Lin, T., Tang, H., and Ci, S. (2012, January 3\u20137). Virtual network embedding by exploiting topological information. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Anaheim, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3648","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2016.2533625","article-title":"Novel location-constrained virtual network embedding LC-VNE algorithms towards integrated node and link mapping","volume":"24","author":"Gong","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2015.2467159","article-title":"Energy-aware mapping and live migration of virtual networks","volume":"11","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2013.2294389","article-title":"Virtual optical network embedding (VONE) over elastic optical networks","volume":"32","author":"Gong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alkmim, G.P., Batista, D.M., and da Fonseca, N.L.S. (2011, January 5\u20139). Optimal mapping of virtual networks. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference-GLOBECOM 2011, Houston, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2011.6133524"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.osn.2020.100584","article-title":"A survey on challenges of Spatial Division Multiplexing enabled elastic optical networks","volume":"38","author":"Brasileiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Switch. Netw."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.8.000726","article-title":"Virtual Network Provisioning Over Space Division Multiplexed Optical Networks Using Few-Mode Fibers","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Opt. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2017.05.065","article-title":"Virtual optical network mapping and core allocation in elastic optical networks using multi-core fibers","volume":"402","author":"Xuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2019.102117","article-title":"Time and spectrum fragmentation-aware virtual optical network embedding in elastic optical networks","volume":"54","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A35","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.9.000A35","article-title":"Virtual Network Topology Adaptability Based on Data Analytics for Traffic Prediction","volume":"9","author":"Morales","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Opt. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1145\/3138808.3138810","article-title":"Knowledge-Defined Networking","volume":"47","author":"Mestres","year":"2017","journal-title":"SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, G., Xu, Z., Ye, Z., Wang, K., and Wu, J. (2017, January 21\u201323). A load balancing algorithm based on key-link and resources contribution degree for virtual optical networks mapping. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Computer, Information and Telecommunication Systems (CITS), Dalian, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CITS.2017.8035285"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D126","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.10.00D126","article-title":"Machine Learning for Network Automation: Overview, Architecture, and Applications[Invited Tutorial]","volume":"10","author":"Rafique","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Opt. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5371","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2021.3090666","article-title":"Scheduling Virtual Network Reconfigurations in Parallel in Hybrid Optical\/Electrical Datacenter Networks","volume":"39","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.osn.2020.100568","article-title":"Optimizing energy and spectrum efficiency of virtual optical network embedding in elastic optical networks","volume":"37","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Switch. Netw."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.011.2000367","article-title":"Machine Learning for Spectrum Defragmentation in Space-Division Multiplexing Elastic Optical Networks","volume":"35","author":"Trindade","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.011.2000138","article-title":"Blockchain-Assisted Spectrum Trading Between Elastic Virtual Optical Networks","volume":"34","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.8.000633","article-title":"Virtual network reconfiguration in elastic optical path networks for future bandwidth allocation","volume":"8","author":"Ohba","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Opt. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Silva, I.R., Xavier, E.C., and da Fonseca, N.L. (2013, January 24\u201326). Algorithms for selection and allocation of virtual network requests. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Latin-America Conference on Communications, Santiago, Chile.","DOI":"10.1109\/LatinCom.2013.6759806"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1869-0238-4-3","article-title":"Mapping virtual networks onto substrate networks","volume":"4","author":"Alkmim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Internet Serv. Appl."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2016.02.020","article-title":"A spectrum allocation scheme based on first\u2013last-exact fit policy for elastic optical networks","volume":"68","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8733(78)90021-7","article-title":"Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification","volume":"1","author":"Freeman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16576","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.016576","article-title":"Design and fabrication of ultra-low crosstalk and low-loss multi-core fiber","volume":"19","author":"Hayashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1145\/1186778.1186782","article-title":"A survey of autonomic communications","volume":"1","author":"Dobson","year":"2006","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Auton. Adapt. Syst. (TAAS)"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kliazovich, D., Granelli, F., and Da Fonseca, N.L. (2010). Architectures and Cross-Layer Design for Cognitive Networks, World Scientific.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812837318_0001"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kliazovich, D., Granelli, F., Fonseca, N., and Bouvry, P. (2013). Architectures and Information Signaling Techniques for Cognitive Networks. Evolution of Cognitive Networks and Self-Adaptive Communication Systems, IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-4666-4189-1.ch012"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"19","article-title":"Self-Organization and Autonomous Network Survey","volume":"12","author":"Sakly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Netw. Secur. Its Appl. (IJNSA)"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1700560","article-title":"Machine learning for cognitive network management","volume":"56","author":"Ayoubi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00992698","article-title":"Q-learning","volume":"8","author":"Watkins","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Dearden, R., Friedman, N., and Russell, S. (2021, November 02). Bayesian Q-Learning, Available online: https:\/\/www.aaai.org\/Papers\/AAAI\/1998\/AAAI98-108.pdf."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiering, M., and van Otterlo, M. (2012). Reinforcement Learning in Continuous State and Action Spaces. Reinforcement Learning: State-of-the-Art, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-27645-3"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Rummery, G.A., and Niranjan, M. (1994). On-Line Q-Learning Using Connectionist Systems, Available online: https:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.17.2539&rep=rep1&type=pdf."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"2825","article-title":"Scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python","volume":"12","author":"Pedregosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"MacGlashan, J., Michael Littman, S.T., and desJardins, M. (2021, September 20). Brown-UMBC Reinforcement Learning and Planning (BURLAP). Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/jmacglashan\/burlap."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trindade, S., and da Fonseca, N.L.S. (2019, January 22\u201324). Proactive Fragmentation-Aware Routing, Modulation Format, Core, and Spectrum Allocation in EON-SDM. Proceedings of the ICC 2019\u20142019 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2019.8762005"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Moura, P.M., Andr\u00e9, D.M., and Trindade, S. (2021, September 30). FlexGridSim: Flexible Grid Optical Network Simulator. Available online: https:\/\/www.lrc.ic.unicamp.br\/FlexGridSim\/."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/23\/7821\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:35:26Z","timestamp":1760168126000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/23\/7821"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s21237821"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21237821","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,24]]}}}