{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T02:04:57Z","timestamp":1785463497062,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]],"date-time":"2021-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"TM R&amp;D Research","award":["MMUE\/190001.02, Malaysia"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MMUE\/190001.02, Malaysia"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>RF power is broadly available in both urban and semi-urban areas and thus exhibits as a promising candidate for ambient energy scavenging sources. In this research, a high-efficiency quad-band rectenna is designed for ambient RF wireless energy scavenging over the frequency range from 0.8 to 2.5 GHz. Firstly, the detailed characteristics (i.e., available frequency bands and associated power density levels) of the ambient RF power are studied and analyzed. The data (i.e., RF survey results) are then applied to aid the design of a new quad-band RF harvester. A newly designed impedance matching network (IMN) with an additional L-network in a third-branch of dual-port rectifier circuit is familiarized to increase the performance and RF-to-DC conversion efficiency of the harvester with comparatively very low input RF power density levels. A dual-polarized multi-frequency bow-tie antenna is designed, which has a wide bandwidth (BW) and is miniature in size. The dual cross planer structure internal triangular shape and co-axial feeding are used to decrease the size and enhance the antenna performance. Consequently, the suggested RF harvester is designed to cover all available frequency bands, including part of most mobile phone and wireless local area network (WLAN) bands in Malaysia, while the optimum resistance value for maximum dc rectification efficiency (up to 48%) is from 1 to 10 k\u2126. The measurement result in the ambient environment (i.e., both indoor and outdoor) depicts that the new harvester is able to harvest dc voltage of 124.3 and 191.0 mV, respectively, which can be used for low power sensors and wireless applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21237838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T01:45:02Z","timestamp":1638323102000},"page":"7838","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Quad-Band Rectenna for Ambient Radio Frequency (RF) Energy Harvesting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Sunanda","family":"Roy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, Cyberjaya 63000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun Jiat","family":"Tiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, Cyberjaya 63000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mardeni Bin","family":"Roslee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, Cyberjaya 63000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Tanvir","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, Cyberjaya 63000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6292-1214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abbas Z.","family":"Kouzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1905-6800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. A. Parvez","family":"Mahmud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, S.-C., Hsieh, C.-W., Chang, C.-H., and Jong, T.-L. (2015, January 7\u201310). Design and implementation of planar rectenna for ISM-band application. Proceedings of the 2015 European Microwave Conference (EuMC), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/EuMC.2015.7345934"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2012.2212232","article-title":"Design of a high-efficiency 2.45-GHz rectenna for low-input-power energy harvesting","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2010.2050131","article-title":"Rectenna design and optimization using reciprocity theory and harmonic balance analysis for electromagnetic (EM) energy harvesting","volume":"9","author":"Georgiadis","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3486","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2015.2431719","article-title":"A High-efficiency broadband rectenna for ambient wireless energy harvesting","volume":"63","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zakaria, Z., Zainuddin, N.A., Aziz, M.Z.A.A., Husain, M.N., and Mutalib, M.A. (2013, January 22\u201325). Dual-Band monopole antenna for energy harvesting system. Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Wireless Technology and Applications (ISWTA), Kuching, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISWTA.2013.6688775"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2013.2272873","article-title":"A Dual-Band rectenna using broadband yagi antenna array for ambient RF power harvesting","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2002.800430","article-title":"A high-efficiency dual-frequency rectenna for 2.45- and 5.8-GHz wireless power transmission","volume":"50","author":"Suh","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pham, B.L., and Pham, A.-V. (2013, January 2\u20137). Triple bands antenna and high efficiency rectifier design for RF energy harvesting at 900, 1900 and 2400 MHz. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest (MTT), Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSYM.2013.6697364"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1587\/elex.10.20132009","article-title":"Rectennas for microwave power transmission","volume":"10","author":"Shinohara","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEICE Electron. Express"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Kitazawa, S., Hanazawa, M., Ano, S., Kamoda, H., and Ban, H. (2013, January 22\u201324). Field test results of RF energy harvesting from cellular base station. Proceedings of the 6th Global Symposium on Millimeter-Waves 2013 (GSMM), Sendai, Japan."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, H.-C., Guo, Y.-X., and Zhong, Z. (2012, January 8\u201314). A high-sentivity 2.45 GHz rectenna for low input power energy harvesting. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/APS.2012.6348735"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2715","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2013.2262687","article-title":"Ambient RF Energy Harvesting in urban and semi-urban environments","volume":"61","author":"Pinuela","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2011.2136371","article-title":"Investigation of rectenna array configurations for enhanced RF power harvesting","volume":"10","author":"Olgun","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2006.871362","article-title":"5.8-GHz circularly polarized dual-diode rectenna and rectenna array for microwave power transmission","volume":"54","author":"Ren","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3869","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2013.2254693","article-title":"UHF wearable rectenna on textile materials","volume":"61","author":"Monti","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3354","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2013.2253301","article-title":"3D Voltage pattern measurement of a 2.45 GHz rectenna","volume":"61","author":"Seguenot","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1109\/MMM.2012.2226629","article-title":"Highly Efficient compact rectenna for wireless energy harvesting application","volume":"14","author":"Ladan","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Mag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-map.2013.0056","article-title":"Genetic-based design of a tetra-band high-efficiency radio-frequency energy system","volume":"7","author":"Masotti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microw. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2013.2294200","article-title":"A compact dual-band rectenna using slot-loaded dual band folded dipole antenna","volume":"12","author":"Niotaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1109\/MMM.2013.2288836","article-title":"A dual-frequency ultralow-power efficient 5G rectenna","volume":"15","author":"Scheeler","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Mag."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Suh, Y., and Chang, K. (2002, January 2\u20137). A novel dual frequency rectenna for high efficiency wireless power transmission at 2.45 and 5.8 GHz. Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest (Cat. No.02CH37278), Seattle, WA, USA."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2004.823585","article-title":"Recycling ambient microwave energy with broad-band rectenna arrays","volume":"52","author":"Hagerty","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1109\/MMM.2014.2309499","article-title":"Harvesting wireless power: Survey of energy-harvester conversion efficiency in far-field, wireless power transfer systems","volume":"15","author":"Valenta","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Mag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2013.2250891","article-title":"RF energy harvesting and transport for wireless sensor network applications: Principles and requirements","volume":"101","author":"Visser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2011.2141973","article-title":"A dual circularly polarized 2.45-GHz rectenna for wireless power transmission","volume":"10","author":"Harouni","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5242","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2014.2340895","article-title":"All polarization receiving rectenna with harmonic rejection property for wireless power transmission","volume":"62","author":"Chou","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2008.916956","article-title":"Compact Circularly polarized rectenna with unbalanced circular slots","volume":"56","author":"Yo","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2532","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2013.2244550","article-title":"A novel compact printed rectenna for data communication systems","volume":"61","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2013.2287009","article-title":"Wideband harmonic rejection filtenna for wireless power transfer","volume":"62","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2012.2201437","article-title":"Design of circular polarization antenna with harmonic suppression for rectenna application","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4481","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2012.2185249","article-title":"Strategy for microwave energy harvesting from ambient field or a feeding source","volume":"27","author":"Marian","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2011.2178225","article-title":"Potentials of an adaptive rectenna circuit","volume":"10","author":"Marian","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Visser, H.J., Reniers, A.C.F., and Theeuwes, J.A.C. (2008, January 27\u201331). Ambient RF Energy Scavenging: GSM and WLAN Power Density Measurements. Proceedings of the 2008 38th European Microwave Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/EUMC.2008.4751554"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Pinuela, M., Yates, D.C., Mitcheson, P.D., and Lucyszyn, S. (2013, January 8\u201312). London RF survey for radiative ambient RF energy harvesters and efficient dc load inductive power transfer. Proceedings of the 7th European Conference Antennas Propagation (EuCAP), Gothenburg, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berg\u00e8s, R., Fadel, L., Oyhenart, L., Vigneras, V., and Taris, T. (2015, January 7\u201310). A dual band 915 MHz\/2.44 GHz RF energy harvester. Proceedings of the 2015 European Microwave Conference (EuMC), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/EuMC.2015.7345761"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1109\/LMWC.2015.2451397","article-title":"Enhanced dual-band ambient Rf energy harvesting with ultra-wide power range","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2015.2416233","article-title":"A multi-band stacked RF energy harvester with RF-to-DC efficiency up to 84%","volume":"63","author":"Kuhn","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2016.2574848","article-title":"Physical mechanism and theoretical foundation of ambient RF power harvesting using zero-bias diodes","volume":"64","author":"Lorenz","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1109\/LMWC.2014.2361431","article-title":"Low-power frequency doubler in cellulose-based materials for harmonic RFID applications","volume":"24","author":"Palazzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"R&S(R)NRP-Z85 (2010). Wideband Power Sensor, Operating Manual, Rothde & Schwarz, Ltd."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2716","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2018.2819699","article-title":"Design of triple band differential rectenna for RF energy harvesting","volume":"66","author":"Chandravanshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3160","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2016.2565697","article-title":"A novel six-band dual CP rectenna using improved impedance matching technique for ambient RF energy harvesting","volume":"64","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3071","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2017.2761397","article-title":"A dual-port triple-band l-probe microstrip patch rectenna for ambient RF energy harvesting","volume":"16","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2018.2881127","article-title":"Grid-Array Rectenna With Wide Angle Coverage for Effectively Harvesting RF Energy of Low Power Density","volume":"67","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4534","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2019.2930507","article-title":"Hybrid RF-solar energy harvesting systems utilizing transparent multiport micromeshed antennas","volume":"67","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3821","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2019.2906598","article-title":"An ambient RF energy harvesting system where the number of antenna ports is dependent on frequency","volume":"67","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9215","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2019.2952819","article-title":"A triple-band high-gain multi-band ambient RF energy harvesting system utilizing hybrid combining","volume":"67","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Zhong, Z., and Guo, Y. (2014, January 8\u201310). High-efficiency triple-band ambient RF energy harvesting for wireless body sensor network. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Workshop Series on RF and Wireless Technologies for Biomedical and Healthcare Applications (IMWS-Bio2014), London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMWS-BIO.2014.7032426"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8128","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2020.3009586","article-title":"Highly efficient omnidirectional integrated multiband wireless energy harvesters for compact sensor nodes of internet-of-things","volume":"68","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1109\/LMWC.2020.3029869","article-title":"Multiband ambient RF energy harvesting for autonomous IoT devices","volume":"30","author":"Vu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/23\/7838\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:35:46Z","timestamp":1760168146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/23\/7838"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s21237838"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21237838","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]}}}